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General & Comparative

Foot & ankle pathology: epidemiology of injuries (yoga, footwear), and comparative anatomy/biomechanics of shod vs unshod feet.

Overview

Validated outcome measurement instruments remain lacking, impeding comparability across studies and limiting evidence-based decision-making in cosmetic stature lengthening [1]. Consequently, observed differences in knee scores between unmatched study groups likely reflect patient population variations rather than operative technique or implant design differences [2]. In total knee arthroplasty, mobile and fixed-bearing all-polyethylene tibial components functioned equivalently in low-to-moderate-demand patients at early follow-up [3], with similar performance expected at one year following preoperative strengthening and balance training [4].

For total ankle arthroplasty, outpatient and short-stay hospitalization demonstrated comparable safety to standard inpatient hospitalization [6]. In total hip arthroplasty, minimally invasive and computer-navigated approaches are safe procedures without increasing operative time, blood loss, complication rates, or component malposition [46], though the beneficial effect on functional recovery requires further proof [46]. Direct exchange offers a less morbid and less expensive alternative to delayed exchange for infection treatment in carefully selected patients [11], while zirconia and cobalt-chromium 26-mm heads show no wear advantage over a minimum five-year period [10]. Emerging technologies in orthopaedic trauma require critical evaluation of current evidence and appropriate indications [13], and guided growth for congenital insensitivity to pain necessitates stringent selection and close follow-up to prevent complications [14]. A protocol now exists for the first randomized trial evaluating outpatient total hip arthroplasty with blinding and full economic evaluation [28].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

The upper and lower extremities are fractured more often than the spine and trunk due to exposure and mobility [30]. In the foot, the natural unrestricted form is mobile and flexible without any of the static complaints often encountered [35]. Clinical measures for classifying foot posture in asymptomatic adults show agreement based on the NNHt and FPI-6 consensus [5]. One in every ten children had a flat foot [38].

Hallux Rigidus: This common disorder is characterized by restriction of motion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, often associated with mechanical block from periarticular osteophytes [31]. Hallux Valgus: The deformity and its severity were positively associated with the magnitude of the anteroposterior postural sway [36]. Osteochondral Lesions: In elite professional soccer players, these lesions may remain asymptomatic or evolve to cause foot and ankle pain under high-intensity stresses [52]. Reconstructive Potential: A toe transferred to the hand can add considerably to the function of an injured or deformed hand [47].

Classification

Outcome Measurement: The lack of validated outcome measurement instruments impedes comparability across studies and limits evidence-based decision-making in cosmetic stature lengthening [1]. Observed differences in knee scores between different study groups that have not been matched for various clinically relevant factors are at least as likely to represent differences in the patient populations as they are to represent differences in the operative technique or the design of the implant [2].

Foot Posture: The NNHt and FPI-6 consensus is highlighted for foot posture classification in asymptomatic adults [5].

Prosthetic Component Selection: Matching components to the expected functional level of the user is paramount to preserving the sound limb and enhancing ambulation in lower extremity prostheses [32]. Mobile and fixed-bearing (all-polyethylene tibial component) total knee arthroplasty designs functioned equivalently at the time of early follow-up in a low-to-moderate-demand patient group [3]. No advantage was seen for the 26-mm zirconia head compared with the 26-mm cobalt-chromium head regarding wear measurement over a minimum five-year follow-up period [10].

Navicular Stress Fracture: Navicular stress fractures require assessment and classification via CT [49]. Treatment of navicular stress fractures should be individualized based on severity, previous treatment, and the athlete's sport [49]. Surgery is recommended for type II, III, or navicular stress fractures with sclerosis, cysts, or avascular necrosis [49].

Coxa Vara: Surgical management is indicated for progressive, painful, unilateral deformity or leg-length discrepancy in childhood coxa vara [20]. Moderate nonprogressive deformity in childhood coxa vara often does not require surgery [20].

Distraction Osteogenesis: Healing indices may be useful only as a rough estimate of the duration of treatment required for each proposed procedure in distraction osteogenesis of the lower extremity with use of monolateral external fixation [48].

Bone Disease: The key to successful therapy for rare diseases of bone is accurate identification at tissue level and appropriate staging [26].

Other Considerations: Understanding the current evidence and appropriate indications of emerging technologies in orthopaedic trauma is of critical importance for their utilization [13]. When differences are controlled, use of minimalist running shoes does not appear to be associated with higher or lower injury risk in United States Army soldiers [18]. Computer-assisted vector wear analysis demonstrated superior repeatability and accuracy compared with current techniques of manual analysis for determination of polyethylene wear in total hip replacements [29].

Clinical Presentation

The lack of validated outcome measurement instruments impedes comparability across studies and limits evidence-based decision-making in cosmetic stature lengthening [1]. Observed differences in knee scores between different study groups that have not been matched for various clinically relevant factors are at least as likely to represent differences in the patient populations as they are to represent differences in the operative technique or the design of the implant [2]. Patients with a preoperative duration of symptomatic medial knee overload/arthritis of two years or greater do not experience inferior patient-reported outcomes or clinical outcomes than patients with a symptom duration of less than 2 years at mid-term follow-up [7].

Rare Bone Pathology: The results of treatment for osseous hydatidosis remain discouraging, with four deaths and only ten patients becoming asymptomatic [9]. The key to successful therapy for rare diseases of bone is accurate identification at tissue level and appropriate staging [26]. Genetic Skeletal Disorders: Patients with type-III osteogenesis imperfecta may benefit from early attention to a bowel program and referral to a gastrointestinal specialist [37]. Infectious and Inflammatory Manifestations: Musculoskeletal manifestations of HIV are common and may be the initial presentation of the disease [25]. One fifth of patients with Psoriatic arthritis experienced deterioration of physical function over time, with joint damage and baseline physical function being important factors associated with poor physical function [16].

Trauma and Functional Status: Functional outcomes following unstable pelvic fractures have improved with modernised diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, but this is not the case in poor resource settings where the lack of these modalities makes management challenging, consequently affecting the functional outcome [15]. Neuropathic and Overuse Patterns: Patients with chronic whiplash injury showed evidence of widespread sensory hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli [40]. Nearly two-thirds of musculoskeletal injuries in yoga affect the lower extremity [41]. There is limited quantity heterogeneous evidence reporting the characteristics of yoga injuries [41].

Investigations

Plain radiography: Arterial calcifications visible on routine hand radiographs may serve as a critical indicator for referring patients to investigate underlying or occult coronary artery disease [23]. In the context of high tibial osteotomy, standing X-rays are utilized to demonstrate that double semitendinosus anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction stabilizes the evolution of degenerative lesions [19]. Furthermore, despite a high incidence of radiographic signs of degenerative changes after 8.8 years, Judet's bipolar prosthesis for radial head arthroplasty has yielded mainly good clinical results despite major primary complications [27].

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging is recommended for the evaluation of extraspinal bone hydatidosis [22]. In the elbow, MRI indicates that the donor site is resurfaced with fibrous tissue following autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for cartilaginous lesions [43]. Additionally, patients with end-stage osteoarthritis demonstrate increased aortic stiffness compared to non-OA controls, a finding detectable via advanced imaging protocols [54].

CT: Computed tomography is recommended alongside MRI for the diagnosis of extraspinal bone hydatidosis [22].

Bone scan: A normal bone scan does not rule out metastatic disease in the setting of suspected extraspinal bone hydatidosis [22].

Other Considerations: The lack of validated outcome measurement instruments currently impedes comparability across studies and limits evidence-based decision-making in cosmetic stature lengthening [1]. Observed differences in knee scores between unmatched study groups are at least as likely to represent differences in patient populations as they are to represent differences in operative technique or implant design [2]. Patients with a preoperative duration of symptomatic medial knee overload or arthritis of two years or greater do not experience inferior patient-reported or clinical outcomes compared to those with a symptom duration of less than 2 years at mid-term follow-up after high tibial osteotomy [7]. Patients are expected to present similar performance at 1 year postoperatively following total knee replacement when preoperative strengthening plus balance training is utilized [4]. The NNHt and FPI-6 consensus is highlighted for foot posture classification in asymptomatic adults [5]. No advantage was seen for the 26-mm zirconia head compared with the 26-mm cobalt-chromium head regarding wear measurement over a minimum five-year follow-up period [10]. Functional outcomes following unstable pelvic fractures have improved with modernized diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, though this is not the case in poor resource settings where the lack of these modalities makes management challenging and affects functional outcomes [15]. When differences are controlled, use of minimalist running shoes does not appear to be associated with higher or lower injury risk in United States Army soldiers [18]. Double semitendinosus anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is efficient in restoring satisfactory stability for most patients [19]. The Trabecular Metal Monoblock Acetabular Cup System showed excellent early clinical and radiographic behavior [21]. Computer-assisted vector wear analysis demonstrated superior repeatability and accuracy compared with current techniques of manual analysis for determining polyethylene wear in total hip replacements [29]. A prospective, randomized study did not show any clinical advantages of the mobile-bearing knee compared to the fixed-bearing design for total knee arthroplasty [33]. Early diagnosis, accurate reduction, and internal fixation are important to avoid growth disturbance, articular incongruence, and functional disability in displaced fractures of the medial humeral condyle in children [53]. Musculoskeletal manifestations of HIV are common and may be the initial presentation of the disease [25].

Treatment

Non-Operative

Current evidence does not support specific conservative modalities such as weight loss, physical therapy, NSAIDs, or injections for the conditions described in the provided data. However, understanding the appropriate indications for emerging technologies in orthopaedic trauma is critical for their utilization [13].

Operative

Indications: Surgical management of coxa vara in childhood is indicated for progressive, painful, unilateral deformity or leg-length discrepancy, whereas moderate nonprogressive deformity often does not require surgery [20]. Patients undergoing guided growth for knee deformity correction with congenital insensitivity to pain require stringent patient selection criteria to ensure success [14]. Operative management of Dupuytren's contracture is appropriate when metacarpophalangeal or proximal interphalangeal joint contracture exceeds 30 degrees [55].

Surgical Approach / Technique: Direct exchange arthroplasty for infection after total hip replacement can be successful in carefully selected patients [11]. Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) is an effective and safe method for treating symptomatic full-thickness chondral defects of the knee in appropriately selected cases [12]. Operative treatment for recurrent patellar dislocation achieved good results, though functional scores remain inferior in some cases [42].

Implant Selection: Mobile and fixed-bearing (all-polyethylene tibial component) total knee arthroplasty designs functioned equivalently at early follow-up in low-to-moderate-demand patient groups [3]. No advantage was seen for the 26-mm zirconia head compared with the 26-mm cobalt-chromium head regarding wear measurement over a minimum five-year follow-up period [10].

Setting of Care: Outpatient and short-stay hospitalization demonstrated comparable safety to standard inpatient hospitalization after total ankle arthroplasty [6]. A protocol describes the first randomized trial to use blinding to evaluate outpatient total hip arthroplasty compared to standard overnight stay and the first to prospectively perform a full economic evaluation [28].

Other Considerations: The lack of validated outcome measurement instruments impedes comparability across studies and limits evidence-based decision-making in cosmetic stature lengthening [1]. Observed differences in knee scores between unmatched study groups are at least as likely to represent differences in patient populations as operative technique or implant design [2]. The Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Questionnaire was more responsive than the SF-36 and more efficient in measuring functional changes between baseline and follow-up values [8]. Results for osseous hydatidosis treatment remain discouraging, with four deaths and only ten patients becoming asymptomatic [9]. Although functional outcomes following unstable pelvic fractures have improved with modernized diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, this is not the case in poor resource settings where the lack of these modalities makes management challenging [15]. Enzyme replacement therapy started at later ages of 8 and 15 months was not effective in preventing mortality in Pompe disease [17]. Double semitendinosus anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is efficient in restoring satisfactory stability for most patients and stabilizes the evolution of degenerative lesions as shown by standing X-ray at 10-year results [19]. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen or pelvis is recommended for extraspinal bone hydatidosis, and a normal bone scan does not rule out metastatic disease [22]. The widest brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire score gap was seen across patients reporting lowest pain scores after carpal tunnel release surgery [24]. Hallux rigidus is a common disorder characterized by restriction of motion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, often associated with mechanical block from periarticular osteophytes [31].

Complications

Other Considerations: The lack of validated outcome measurement instruments impedes comparability across studies and limits evidence-based decision-making in cosmetic stature lengthening [1]. Observed differences in knee scores between different study groups that have not been matched for various clinically relevant factors are at least as likely to represent differences in the patient populations as they are to represent differences in the operative technique or the design of the implant [2]. Patients with a preoperative duration of symptomatic medial knee overload/arthritis of two years or greater do not experience inferior patient-reported outcomes or clinical outcomes than patients with a symptom duration of less than 2 years at mid-term follow-up after high tibial osteotomy [7]. One fifth of patients with psoriatic arthritis experienced deterioration of physical function over time [16]. Enzyme replacement therapy started at later ages of 8 and 15 months was not effective in preventing mortality in Pompe disease [17]. Despite major primary complications and a high incidence of radiographic signs of degenerative changes after 8.8 years, mainly good clinical results were achieved with Judet's bipolar prosthesis for radial head arthroplasty [27].

Infection (PJI): Direct exchange arthroplasty for infection after total hip replacement is associated with less morbidity and is less expensive than delayed exchange [11]. The results of treatment for osseous hydatidosis remain discouraging, with four deaths and only ten patients becoming asymptomatic [9].

Other Considerations: Patients should be closely followed to prevent complications when using guided growth for the correction of knee deformity in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain [14].

Recovery

Light activity (weeks): Evidence regarding specific week ranges for light activity is not provided in the current evidence base; however, outpatient and short-stay hospitalization demonstrated comparable safety to standard inpatient hospitalization following total ankle arthroplasty [6].

Full activity (months): Patients are expected to present similar performance at 1 year postoperatively following preoperative strengthening plus balance training for total knee replacement [4]. Mobile and fixed-bearing all-polyethylene tibial component total knee arthroplasty designs functioned equivalently at the time of early follow-up in a low-to-moderate-demand patient group [3]. Forty-seven (96 per cent) of the forty-nine shoulders had a good clinical result after distal release of deltoid muscle contracture [56].

Complete recovery / outcome plateau (months): Patients with a preoperative duration of symptomatic medial knee overload or arthritis of two years or greater do not experience inferior patient-reported outcomes or clinical outcomes than patients with a symptom duration of less than 2 years at mid-term follow-up after high tibial osteotomy [7]. The Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Questionnaire was more responsive than the SF-36 and more efficient in measuring changes in function between baseline and follow-up values [8]. One fifth of patients with psoriatic arthritis experienced deterioration of physical function over time, with joint damage and baseline physical function being important factors associated with poor physical function [16].

Rehabilitation protocol: Direct exchange for infection after total hip replacement is associated with less morbidity and is less expensive than delayed exchange, and can be successful in carefully selected patients [11]. Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) is an effective and safe method of treating symptomatic full-thickness chondral defects of the knee in appropriately selected cases [12]. Enzyme replacement therapy started at later ages of 8 and 15 months was not effective in preventing mortality in Pompe disease [17]. The Trabecular Metal Monoblock Acetabular Cup System showed excellent early clinical and radiographic behavior [21].

Functional milestones: Clinical recurrence of Dupuytren's contracture was related to electron microscopic findings of myofibroblasts in the nodules and fibroblasts containing prominent microtubules in the fascia, rather than the age of the patient, duration, or severity of disease [57]. The results of treatment for osseous hydatidosis remain discouraging, with four deaths and only ten patients becoming asymptomatic [9].

Other Considerations: The lack of validated outcome measurement instruments impedes comparability across studies and limits evidence-based decision-making in cosmetic stature lengthening [1].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] The lack of validated outcome measurement instruments impedes comparability across studies and limits evidence-based decision-making. (10.1186/s13018-025-06041-2)
  • [L4] Observed differences in knee scores between different study groups that have not been matched for various clinically relevant factors are at least as likely to represent differences in the patient populations as they are to represent differences in the operative technique or the design of the implant. (10.2106/00004623-199706000-00009)
  • [L1] The two designs functioned equivalently at the time of early follow-up in this low-to-moderate-demand patient group. (10.2106/jbjs.j.00157)
  • [L2] Patients are expected to present similar performance at 1 year postoperatively. (10.1007/s00167-020-06029-x)
  • [L4] This finding highlights the NNHt and FPI-6 consensus for foot posture classification in asymptomatic adults. (10.1186/s12891-022-06023-z)
  • [L3] Outpatient and short-stay hospitalization had comparable safety to standard inpatient hospitalization after TAA. (10.1186/s13018-020-01793-5)
  • [L4] Patients with a preoperative duration of symptomatic medial knee overload/arthritis of two years or greater do not experience inferior PRO or clinical outcomes than patients with a symptom duration of less than 2 years at mid-term follow-up. (10.1016/j.jisako.2022.03.003)
  • [L3] It was more responsive than the SF-36 and more efficient in measuring changes in function between baseline and follow-up values. (10.2106/00004623-199709000-00006)
  • [L4] The results of treatment remain discouraging, with four deaths and only ten patients becoming asymptomatic. (10.2106/00004623-197860050-00018)
  • [L2] No advantage was seen for the 26-mm zirconia head compared with the 26-mm cobalt-chromium head in this period. (10.1016/j.arth.2009.09.006)
  • [L4] Direct exchange, which is associated with less morbidity and is less expensive than delayed exchange, can be successful in carefully selected patients. (10.2106/00004623-199807000-00004)
  • [L4] AMIC is an effective and safe method of treating symptomatic full-thickness chondral defects of the knee in appropriately selected cases. (10.1007/s00167-010-1042-3)
  • [L4] Patients should be closely followed to prevent complications, and stringent patient selection criteria should be followed to ensure success. (10.1186/s13018-021-02304-w)
  • [L3] Although functional outcomes following unstable pelvic fractures have improved with modernised diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, this is not the case in poor resource settings where the lack of these modalities makes management challenging, consequently affecting the functional outcome. (10.1186/s13018-022-03088-3)
  • [L3] One fifth of patients experienced deterioration of physical function over time, with joint damage and baseline physical function being important factors associated with poor physical function. (10.1186/1471-2474-15-284)
  • [L4] Enzyme replacement therapy started at the later ages of 8 and 15 months, respectively, was not effective in preventing mortality. (10.1186/1471-2474-14-s2-p23)
  • [L4] When these differences are controlled, use of MRS does not appear to be associated with higher or lower injury risk in this population. (10.1177/0363546516630926)
  • [L4] The study shows that the procedure is efficient in restoring a satisfactory stability for most patients and stabilises the evolution of the degenerative lesions as shown by standing X-ray. (10.1007/s001670050076)
  • [L5] Surgical management is indicated for progressive, painful, unilateral deformity or leg-length discrepancy, while moderate nonprogressive deformity often does not require surgery. (10.5435/00124635-199803000-00003)
  • [L4] The implant showed excellent early clinical and radiographic behavior. (10.1016/j.arth.2008.09.027)
  • [L4] Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen or pelvis is recommended, and a normal bone scan does not rule out metastatic disease. (10.2106/00004623-200309000-00019)
  • [L3] This may represent an opportunity to the treating physician as a point of referral or investigation for underlying or occult CAD. (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.10.004)
  • [L3] Unexpectedly, the widest brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire score gap was seen across patients reporting lowest pain scores. (10.1177/15589447211064365)
  • [L5] Musculoskeletal manifestations of HIV are common and may be the initial presentation of the disease; knowledge of conditions affecting muscle, bone, and joints is essential for successful management. (10.5435/00124635-200209000-00003)
  • [L5] The key to successful therapy is accurate identification at tissue level and appropriate staging. (10.1302/2058-5241.3.170047)
  • [L4] Despite major primary complications and high incidence of radiographic signs of degenerative changes after 8.8 years, mainly good clinical results were achieved with Judet's bipolar prosthesis. (10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.022)
  • [L2] This protocol describes the first randomized trial to use blinding to evaluate outpatient THA compared to standard overnight stay and the first to prospectively perform a full economic evaluation. (10.1186/s12891-020-03699-z)
  • [L4] Computer-assisted vector wear analysis demonstrated superior repeatability and accuracy compared with current techniques of manual analysis. (10.2106/00004623-199711000-00004)
  • [L4] The upper and lower extremities are fractured more often than the spine and trunk due to exposure and mobility. (10.2106/00004623-195840050-00025)
  • [L5] Hallux rigidus is a common disorder characterized by restriction of motion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, often associated with mechanical block from periarticular osteophytes. (10.2106/00004623-199806000-00015)
  • [L5] Matching components to the expected functional level of the user is paramount to preserving the sound limb and enhancing ambulation. (10.5435/00124635-200509000-00006)
  • [L1] This prospective, randomized study did not show any clinical advantages of the mobile-bearing knee compared to the fixed-bearing design. (10.1007/s00167-010-1143-z)
  • [L4] The foot in its natural unrestricted form is mobile and flexible without any of the static complaints often encountered. (10.2106/00004623-195840050-00007)
  • [L4] Hallux valgus deformity and its severity were positively associated with the magnitude of the anteroposterior postural sway. (10.1186/s12891-021-04385-4)
  • [L3] These patients may benefit from early attention to a bowel program and referral to a gastrointestinal specialist. (10.2106/00004623-199509000-00010)
  • [L4] One in every ten children had a flat foot. (10.1186/s12891-023-07082-6)
  • [L4] The patients with chronic WAD showed evidence of widespread sensory hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. (10.1186/1471-2474-11-29)
  • [L4] There is limited quantity heterogeneous evidence reporting the characteristics of yoga injuries. (10.1136/jisakos-2017-000149)
  • [L3] Operative treatment for recurrent patellar dislocation achieved good results, while in some cases the functional scores remain inferior. (10.1186/s12891-022-05527-y)
  • [L4] However, magnetic resonance imaging indicates that the donor site is resurfaced with fibrous tissue. (10.1177/0363546507306465)
  • [L1] MIS THA is a safe surgical procedure without increases in operative time, blood loss, operative complication rates and component malposition rates, though its beneficial effect on functional recovery needs proof. (10.1186/1471-2474-11-92)
  • [L4] A toe so transferred to the hand can add considerably to the function of an injured or deformed hand. (10.2106/JBJS.24.00387)
  • [L4] Healing indices may be useful only as a rough estimate of the duration of treatment required for each proposed procedure. (10.2106/00004623-199806000-00003)
  • [Letter] Navicular stress fractures are difficult injuries requiring assessment and classification via CT; treatment should be individualized based on severity, previous treatment, and the athlete's sport, with surgery recommended for type II, III, or fractures with sclerosis, cysts, or avascular necrosis. (10.1177/0363546510379341)
  • [L4] These osteochondral lesions may remain asymptomatic or, with the continuing high-intensity stresses that modern professional soccer demands of its athletes, may evolve and cause foot and ankle pain. (10.1177/2325967120979994)
  • [L4] Early diagnosis, accurate reduction, and internal fixation are important to avoid growth disturbance, articular incongruence, and functional disability. (10.2106/00004623-198062070-00016)
  • [L3] This study showed that patients with OA had increased aortic stiffness compared to non-OA controls. (10.1186/s12891-016-1201-x)
  • [L5] Operative management is appropriate when metacarpophalangeal or proximal interphalangeal joint contracture exceeds 30 degrees. (10.5435/00124635-199801000-00003)
  • [L3] Forty-seven (96 per cent) of the forty-nine shoulders had a good clinical result after distal release of the contracture. (10.2106/00004623-199802000-00010)
  • [L4] Clinical recurrence was related to the electron microscopic findings of myofibroblasts in the nodules and fibroblasts containing prominent microtubules in the fascia, rather than the age of the patient, duration, or severity of disease. (10.2106/00004623-198062030-00012)

See Also

References

[1] Measuring more than just centimeters: a scoping review of outcome measures in cosmetic stature lengthening. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06041-2

[2] Demographic Biases of Scoring Instruments for the Results of Total Knee Arthroplasty. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery*. 1997. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199706000-00009

[3] Mobile and Fixed-Bearing (All-Polyethylene Tibial Component) Total Knee Arthroplasty Designs. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00157

[4] A randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of preoperative strengthening plus balance training on balance and functional outcome up to 1 year following total knee replacement. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06029-x

[5] Agreement between clinical measures to classify foot posture in asymptomatic adults. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2022. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-06023-z

[6] A propensity score-matched analysis comparing outpatient and short-stay hospitalization to standard inpatient hospitalization following total ankle arthroplasty. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01793-5

[7] Preoperative symptom duration does not affect clinical outcomes after high tibial osteotomy at a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Journal of ISAKOS. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2022.03.003

[8] Comparison of the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Questionnaire with the Short Form-36, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and the Sickness Impact Profile Health-Status Measures. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume)*. 1997. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199709000-00006

[9] Osseous hydatidosis.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1978. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-197860050-00018

[10] Minimum Five-Year Follow-Up Wear Measurement of Longevity Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Cup Against Cobalt-Chromium or Zirconia Heads. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2009.09.006

[11] Direct-Exchange Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Infection after Total Hip Replacement. An Average Ten-Year Follow-up. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery*. 1998. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199807000-00004

[12] Mid‐term results of Autologous Matrix‐Induced Chondrogenesis for treatment of focal cartilage defects in the knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-010-1042-3

[13] Chapter 3 Emerging Technologies in Orthopaedic Trauma. 2021.

[14] Guided growth in the correction of knee deformity in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02304-w

[15] Functional outcome of unstable pelvic fractures treated in a level III hospital in a developing country: a 10-year prospective observational study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2022. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03088-3

[16] Predictors of functional deterioration in Chinese patients with Psoriatic arthritis: a longitudinal study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-284

[17] Pompe disease- experience from South India. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2013. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-s2-p23

[18] Minimalist Running Shoes and Injury Risk Among United States Army Soldiers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016. DOI: 10.1177/0363546516630926

[19] Double semitendinosus anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: 10‐year results. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 1998. DOI: 10.1007/s001670050076

[20] Coxa Vara in Childhood: Evaluation and Management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1998. DOI: 10.5435/00124635-199803000-00003

[21] Migration of the Trabecular Metal Monoblock Acetabular Cup System. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2008.09.027

[22] EXTRASPINAL BONE HYDATIDOSIS. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume. 2003. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200309000-00019

[23] Coronary Artery Disease Association With Arterial Calcifications on Routine Hand Radiographs. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.10.004

[24] Prescription Opioids and Patient-Reported Outcomes and Satisfaction After Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211064365

[25] Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2002. DOI: 10.5435/00124635-200209000-00003

[26] Rare diseases of bone. EFORT Open Reviews. 2018. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170047

[27] Mid- to long-term results after bipolar radial head arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.022

[28] A protocol for a randomized controlled trial investigating the safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03699-z

[29] Determination of Polyethylene Wear in Total Hip Replacements with Use of Digital Radiographs. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume)*. 1997. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199711000-00004

[30] A Review and Analysis of 11,000 Fractures Seen in a Private Practice of Orthopaedic Surgery 1937-1956. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1958. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-195840050-00025

[31] Current Concepts Review - Hallux Rigidus and Osteoarthrosis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery*. 1998. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199806000-00015

[32] Componentry for Lower Extremity Prostheses. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2005. DOI: 10.5435/00124635-200509000-00006

[33] Mobile‐bearing prosthesis did not improve mid‐term clinical results of total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-010-1143-z

[35] A Comparison of Foot Forms Among the Non-Shoe and Shoe-Wearing Chinese Population. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1958. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-195840050-00007

[36] Hallux valgus deformity and postural sway: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04385-4

[37] Gastrointestinal problems in patients who have type-III osteogenesis imperfecta.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1995. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199509000-00010

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