Clinicians › Shoulder

Shoulder

56 topics drawn from peer-reviewed orthopaedic literature.

Illustration: shoulder
Illustration: AC Joint Stabilisation AC Joint Stabilisation Surgical reconstruction for high-grade AC joint dislocation (Rockwood III-VI). Open topic Illustration: Acromioclavicular Joint Injury (Shoulder Separation) Acromioclavicular Joint Injury (Shoulder Separation) Acromioclavicular separation: Rockwood grading and CC reconstruction (corpus-synthesised). Open topic Illustration: Anterior Shoulder Stabilisation Anterior Shoulder Stabilisation Arthroscopic Bankart repair for anterior shoulder instability — distinct from open Latarjet. Open topic Illustration: Assessment & Imaging Assessment & Imaging Clinical evaluation and imaging protocols for shoulder pathology, focusing on glenoid morphology and soft tissue integrity to guide surgical planning. Open topic Illustration: Biceps Tendinopathy and Long-Head Rupture Biceps Tendinopathy and Long-Head Rupture Long head of biceps tendinopathy and rupture: tenotomy vs tenodesis (corpus-synthesised). Open topic Illustration: Biceps Tenodesis Biceps Tenodesis Biceps tenodesis and tenotomy — when, where (suprapectoral vs subpectoral) and what to expect afterwards. Open topic Illustration: Bones & Joints Bones & Joints Anatomy and kinematics of the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints and their role in shoulder girdle dysfunction. Open topic Brachial Plexus Injury Open topic Illustration: Capsular release Capsular release Surgeon-side topic for capsular release. Backed by 415 articles from the corpus, retrieved via combined MeSH + title-text matching. Open topic Illustration: Clavicle fixation Clavicle fixation Surgeon-side topic for clavicle fixation. Backed by 373 articles from the corpus, retrieved via combined MeSH + title-text matching. Open topic Illustration: Clavicle Fracture Clavicle Fracture Clavicle fractures — when conservative management is fine and when fixation is indicated. Open topic Illustration: Comprehensive Arthroscopic Management (CAM) Comprehensive Arthroscopic Management (CAM) The Comprehensive Arthroscopic Management (CAM) procedure — a joint-preserving arthroscopic alternative to arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis, combining debridement, capsular release, osteophyte excision, microfracture, loose-body removal and axillary nerve neurolysis. Open topic Illustration: Degenerative Conditions Degenerative Conditions Glenohumeral osteoarthritis and cuff tear arthropathy: radiographic classification, management of primary vs secondary disease, and surgical indications. Open topic Illustration: Diagnosis, Outcomes & Rehabilitation Diagnosis, Outcomes & Rehabilitation Clinical assessment of shoulder pathology, patient-reported outcome measures (PROs), and evidence-based rehabilitation protocols for optimizing functional recovery. Open topic Illustration: Distal Clavicle Excision (Mumford Procedure) Distal Clavicle Excision (Mumford Procedure) Open topic Illustration: Distal Clavicle Osteolysis Distal Clavicle Osteolysis Open topic Illustration: EnFix Biological Scaffold EnFix Biological Scaffold Open topic Illustration: Fractures Fractures Proximal humerus, humeral shaft, clavicle, and scapula fractures — epidemiology, mortality risk in elderly populations, and trauma management. Open topic Illustration: Frozen Shoulder Frozen Shoulder Adhesive capsulitis management: diagnostic criteria, systemic risk factors (diabetes/thyroid), and the transition from conservative therapy to hydrodilatation or manipulation. Open topic Illustration: Instability & Dislocation Instability & Dislocation Traumatic and multidirectional shoulder instability — classification of anterior vs posterior dislocation and the role of glenoid bone loss in recurrence risk. Open topic Illustration: Internal Fixation Internal Fixation Internal fixation of proximal humerus, clavicle, and glenoid fractures — anatomical restoration, hardware selection, and management of osteoporotic bone. Open topic Illustration: Latarjet Latarjet Surgeon-side topic for latarjet. Backed by 392 articles from the corpus, retrieved via combined MeSH + title-text matching. Open topic Illustration: Ligaments & Soft Tissue Ligaments & Soft Tissue Glenohumeral and coracoclavicular ligamentous injuries, focusing on HAGL lesions and their role in anterior instability and preoperative diagnostic challenges. Open topic Illustration: Modifiable risk factors for soft-tissue healing Modifiable risk factors for soft-tissue healing Open topic Illustration: Os Acromiale Os Acromiale Patient-facing topic on os acromiale — failed fusion of an acromial ossification centre that may cause shoulder pain and contribute to subacromial impingement. Open topic Illustration: Pectoralis Major Repair Pectoralis Major Repair Open topic Illustration: Pectoralis Major Rupture Pectoralis Major Rupture Pectoralis major tendon rupture and repair (corpus-synthesised). Open topic Illustration: Post-Surgical Residual Symptom Injections Post-Surgical Residual Symptom Injections Diagnostic and therapeutic post-operative injections for residual symptoms. Timing, indications, prognostic value of response. Distinguishing scar-related inflammation from structural failure. Open topic Illustration: Posterior shoulder stabilisation Posterior shoulder stabilisation Open topic Illustration: Proximal Humerus Fracture Proximal Humerus Fracture Proximal humerus fractures — Neer classification, sling management, and surgical options. Open topic Illustration: Proximal Humerus Fracture ORIF (Plate and Nail Fixation) Proximal Humerus Fracture ORIF (Plate and Nail Fixation) Open topic Illustration: Rehabilitation After Labral / SLAP Repair Rehabilitation After Labral / SLAP Repair Phased rehabilitation protocols after arthroscopic labral / SLAP repair. Protection phase, loading restrictions, return-to-overhead timelines. Modifications for combined nerve decompression. Open topic Illustration: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty Reverse shoulder arthroplasty Surgeon-side topic for reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Backed by 399 articles from the corpus, retrieved via combined MeSH + title-text matching. Open topic Illustration: Revision rotator cuff repair Revision rotator cuff repair Open topic Illustration: Revision shoulder replacement Revision shoulder replacement Surgeon-side topic for revision shoulder replacement. Backed by 422 articles from the corpus, retrieved via combined MeSH + title-text matching. Open topic Illustration: Revision shoulder surgery Revision shoulder surgery Open topic Illustration: Rotator Cuff Rotator Cuff Rotator cuff tears: management of symptomatic full-thickness tears, including conservative thresholds and surgical selection based on tear size and patient demographics. Open topic Illustration: Rotator Cuff & Muscles Rotator Cuff & Muscles Rotator cuff muscle pathology, focusing on the prognostic impact of edema, fatty infiltration, and atrophy on surgical outcomes and repairability. Open topic Illustration: Rotator cuff repair Rotator cuff repair Surgeon-side topic for rotator cuff repair. Backed by 410 articles from the corpus, retrieved via combined MeSH + title-text matching. Open topic Illustration: Shoulder Anatomy & Biomechanics Shoulder Anatomy & Biomechanics Glenohumeral stability mechanisms, including static and dynamic stabilizers, and the biomechanical adaptations associated with overhead athletic activity. Open topic Illustration: Shoulder Arthroplasty Shoulder Arthroplasty Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for cuff tear arthropathy, complex fractures, and arthritis — comparing stemmed vs stemless humeral components. Open topic Illustration: Shoulder Arthroplasty for Acute Proximal Humerus Fracture Shoulder Arthroplasty for Acute Proximal Humerus Fracture Open topic Illustration: Shoulder Arthroscopy Shoulder Arthroscopy What shoulder arthroscopy is, what it's used for, and how to prepare and recover. Open topic Illustration: Shoulder Instability Shoulder Instability Traumatic unidirectional and atraumatic multidirectional instability — pathomechanics, structural failure patterns, and clinical differentiation for treatment planning. Open topic Illustration: Skeletal Anatomy Skeletal Anatomy Osseous geometry of the shoulder girdle, focusing on the glenohumeral, AC, and SC joints and the concavity-compression mechanism of the glenoid. Open topic Illustration: SLAP and Biceps Pathology SLAP and Biceps Pathology Superior labral (SLAP) tears and disorders of the long head of biceps — assessment and treatment. Open topic Illustration: Soft Tissue Structures Soft Tissue Structures Anatomy and pathology of the glenohumeral capsule, subacromial bursa, and rotator interval, focusing on their roles in joint stability and pain generation. Open topic Illustration: Sternoclavicular Joint Disorders Sternoclavicular Joint Disorders Sternoclavicular joint instability, dislocation and arthritis (corpus-synthesised). Open topic Illustration: Subacromial Decompression Subacromial Decompression Arthroscopic subacromial decompression for impingement and bursitis — operation and recovery. Open topic Illustration: Suprascapular nerve decompression Suprascapular nerve decompression Open topic Illustration: Suprascapular neuropathy Suprascapular neuropathy Open topic Illustration: Surgical Materials Surgical Materials Fixation devices, biological augmentations, and irrigation solutions used in shoulder surgery, with a focus on biomechanical stability and healing potential. Open topic Suture Anchors and How Repairs Are Held to Bone Open topic Illustration: Tendon repair recovery phases Tendon repair recovery phases Open topic Illustration: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome: neurogenic vs vascular, first rib resection (corpus-synthesised). Open topic Illustration: Total shoulder arthroplasty Total shoulder arthroplasty Surgeon-side topic for total shoulder arthroplasty. Backed by 412 articles from the corpus, retrieved via combined MeSH + title-text matching. Open topic

Explore Shoulder in the evidence explorer →

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.