Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

酒精、骨骼与伤口愈合

PDF

How alcohol weakens bone and slows wound healing, its risks around surgery, and why cutting down before and after helps.

一杯葡萄酒和一杯啤酒。
术前和术后减少饮酒有助于骨骼和伤口愈合。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

我们大多数人喜欢饮酒,晚餐时喝一杯酒是生活中的正常部分。但酒精确实会对骨骼、伤口愈合过程以及手术的安全性产生实际影响,了解这些影响是有意义的,并非因为有人要评判您的饮酒习惯,而是因为围绕手术进行一些小小的规划确实可以帮助您更快康复并避免并发症。本页面将解释酒精的作用,以及哪些微小且暂时的改变能带来最大的影响。这一切并非要求您永久放弃所喜爱的东西,而是为您的身体创造最佳的恢复条件。

这是与我们“吸烟与愈合”页面相对应的酒精指南:秉持同样的支持理念,只是针对的物质不同。

酒精如何影响您的骨骼

骨骼并非固定、无生命的支架;它是活组织,不断经历分解与重建,有点像一直在重新铺设路面的道路施工队。被称为成骨细胞的特殊细胞负责沉积新骨,而长期大量饮酒会抑制这些细胞,导致新骨生成减少。多年之后,这会打破平衡,使骨骼变得更薄、更脆:即所谓的骨质疏松症

酒精通过几种相互重叠的方式损害骨骼:

  • 它直接减缓成骨细胞的活动,导致骨骼无法得到应有的更新。
  • 它干扰维持骨骼强度的激素(例如,在男性中,它可能降低睾酮水平,而睾酮是成骨所必需的)。
  • 它干扰身体对钙和维生素D的处理(这些是骨骼所需的“原材料”和“输送系统”),部分原因是影响了肠道、胰腺以及维生素D的代谢过程。

除此之外,酒精还会影响平衡能力和判断力,因此大量饮酒者更容易跌倒,而脆弱的骨骼加上更多的跌倒,正是导致髋部和手腕骨折的确切组合。

令人鼓舞的是:当饮酒减少时,骨骼会做出反应。研究表明,一旦停止大量饮酒,部分丧失的骨强度可以得到一定程度的恢复。您的骨骼比您想象的更具包容性。

酒精与骨折愈合

如果您发生了骨折,骨折愈合是一个庞大的“建筑工程”,它依赖于那些被酒精抑制的成骨细胞。研究表明,酗酒或暴饮会延迟骨折愈合,并使新形成的骨痂(连接骨折断端的“骨痂”)比正常情况下更弱。因此,在骨折愈合的数周内,减少酒精摄入有助于骨折以最佳状态牢固愈合。

酒精、伤口与感染

手术伤口的愈合需要免疫系统付出巨大努力:它必须抵御细菌、清除受损组织,并生成新的健康皮肤及深层组织。长期大量饮酒会抑制免疫系统,减缓伤口愈合过程。外科研究一致显示,重度饮酒者伤口感染和愈合问题的发生率更高,伤口愈合更慢、强度更弱,且有时瘢痕质量较差。在手术前后让免疫系统更有效地发挥作用,是降低这一风险最简单的方法之一。

手术前后

手术是酒精影响最为关键的时期,因为它同时涉及多个方面:

  • 出血。 酒精会干扰正常的血液凝固功能,因此其作用类似于血液稀释剂。这可能导致手术期间及术后出血量超出预期。
  • 麻醉药和止痛药。 酒精会改变身体对这些药物的代谢方式,从而使手术室内的反应变得难以预测,有时需要调整剂量。术后的相互作用尤为重要:将酒精与阿片类(强效)止痛药混合使用会危险地叠加效应,加深嗜睡并抑制呼吸;酒精与对乙酰氨基酚合用则会加重肝脏负担。这就是为什么在服用这些药物期间最好避免饮酒。
  • 住院期间的酒精戒断。 这是大多数人未曾预料到的情况。如果身体已经习惯于规律饮酒,突然停止(如在入院时发生)可能引发戒断反应,症状从震颤、出汗和心跳加速到意识模糊(谵妄),偶尔甚至出现癫痫发作。这是一种真实的医疗风险,如果医疗团队知晓并加以监测,则完全可控。这也是我们要求您如实告知饮酒量的最主要原因:并非为了评判,而是为了确保您的安全与舒适。

为何对医疗团队保持诚实至关重要

当被问及饮酒量时,给出确切答案可能会让人感到尴尬,许多人会本能地向下取整。请克制这种本能。您的外科医生和麻醉医生并非在“计分”;他们使用该数据来做出实际决策:如何密切监测出血情况、如何规划疼痛管理,以及是否制定戒断预防计划,以避免您在住院期间出现不适。诚实的信息确实能使您的治疗更加安全。 您告知我们的所有内容均严格保密,且不会受到任何评判。

术前及术后减少饮酒

好消息是,有充分的证据支持:在手术前和手术后几周减少或停止饮酒,可以显著改善愈合情况并降低并发症发生率。 针对在手术前后暂停饮酒约四至八周的人群进行的试验发现,术后问题更少。您不必永远改变与酒精的关系即可获得这一益处。围绕手术进行集中性的戒酒确实能产生实际效果。

几点实用建议:

  • 如果可能,在手术前几周计划一个低酒精或无酒精期,并在术后伤口和骨骼愈合期间继续保持。
  • 服用阿片类止痛药或对乙酰氨基酚期间请勿饮酒: 这种组合才是真正的危险所在。
  • 为了手术间的整体健康,最安全的饮酒模式是适度:每周安排几天不饮酒,且单次饮酒量保持适度。如果您不确定什么对您来说算适度,请咨询我们。
  • 如果您饮酒量大且即将手术,请尽早告知我们,而不是自行突然停止,因为突然停止本身可能有风险,我们可以帮助您安全地逐渐减量。

如果减少饮酒很困难,如何获得支持

对某些人来说,减少饮酒是轻而易举的事。但对其他人来说则不然,这无需感到羞愧;这种情况很常见,并且有有效且可获得的帮助。您的全科医生是极佳的首选咨询对象,可以 discreetly(谨慎地)安排支持。此外,还有免费、保密的电话和在线服务,无需预约即可与您沟通探讨。寻求帮助是关爱自己的表现,而非失败。

何时应尽早寻求帮助

值得与医生沟通,不仅是在手术前,而且在一般情况下,如果您注意到酒精的影响超出您的预期,例如:

  • 需要饮酒才能感觉正常 或度过一天
  • 长时间未饮酒时出现颤抖、出汗、恶心或焦虑(这些可能是戒断的早期迹象)
  • 饮酒量超过预期,或一旦开始饮酒就难以停止
  • 饮酒影响您的睡眠、情绪、人际关系或工作

如果上述任何情况符合您的实际情况,请务必告知您的全科医生或我们。特别是在手术前,了解这些信息有助于我们采取适当的支援和安全措施。在非手术期间,尽早获得帮助可以保护您的骨骼、愈合过程以及长期的健康。

如有以下情况,请致电我们

  • 您即将接受手术,但不确定如何处理饮酒问题
  • 您有规律饮酒习惯,希望在手术前安全地减少饮酒量
  • 您担心酒精戒断症状,或曾出现过戒断症状

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.