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口服类固醇、骨骼与愈合

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How long-term steroid tablets affect bone, wound healing and surgery, and why they must never be stopped suddenly.

位于骨骼旁边的类固醇药片。
长期口服类固醇药物会削弱骨骼并延缓愈合——且绝不可突然停药。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

如果您正在服用类固醇片剂,本页内容对您至关重要。像泼尼松龙、泼尼松或地塞米松这样的药物是宝贵的,有时甚至是必需的治疗手段:它们能减轻炎症并抑制过度活跃的免疫反应,帮助哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)以及多种炎症性和自身免疫性疾病患者获得良好的生活质量。以下内容绝非建议您停用这些药物。然而,这些药物确实会对手术产生一些重要影响,而适当的规划能使整个过程更加安全。您能做的最有用的事情很简单:告知您的医疗团队您正在服用类固醇:具体是哪一种、剂量是多少,以及您已服用多长时间。

此处“类固醇”的含义

“类固醇”一词用于指代多种截然不同的物质,因此有必要明确。本页面讨论的是皮质类固醇口服片剂(常见药物包括泼尼松龙、泼尼松和地塞米松),这些药物因医疗状况而需定期服用。

这些药物并非指注入关节或肌腱的类固醇注射,后者是一种单次局部给药,用于缓解单个疼痛区域(我们另有页面介绍皮质类固醇注射)。它们也与运动中有时使用的合成代谢、增肌类固醇完全不同,后者属于完全不同的药物类别。当我们在手术前询问是否使用“类固醇”时,指的是您定期服用的口服片剂。

糖皮质激素与您的骨骼

口服糖皮质激素最重要的长期影响之一是作用于骨骼。长期口服糖皮质激素是骨质疏松症最常见的医学原因,骨质疏松症是一种骨骼变薄的疾病,使其更容易发生骨折。这对外科医生而言很重要,因为更强的骨骼愈合效果更好,固定更牢固,而且我们更倾向于预防骨折。

有几件事值得了解,因为它们既具有警示作用,也令人安心:

  • 其影响与剂量和时间相关,但即使是每月服用的适度剂量,也可能开始降低骨骼强度。
  • 骨质流失最快发生在早期,即在开始服药后的头几个月,这正是为什么应尽早考虑骨骼保护的原因。
  • 这种情况在很大程度上是可管理的。长期服用糖皮质激素的大多数人应将骨骼保护作为其常规护理的一部分。

这通常从基础开始:摄入足够的钙和维生素D。对于风险较高的人群,您的医生可能会添加增强骨骼的药物(如双膦酸盐)。如果您定期服用糖皮质激素,且没有人与您讨论过骨骼健康,那么这是一个非常合理的议题。我们的骨骼健康与骨质疏松症页面对此进行了更详细的介绍。

类固醇、伤口愈合与感染

类固醇通过抑制炎症和免疫反应发挥作用,这正是它们对许多病症有益的原因。然而,这种镇静作用也可能导致伤口愈合稍慢,并略微增加伤口感染的风险。长期使用类固醇还会使皮肤变薄,因此长期接受类固醇治疗的患者常发现他们容易淤青或因轻微碰撞导致皮肤撕裂。

这并不意味着手术不能进行。它仅仅意味着您的医疗团队会对伤口保持稍密切的观察,并且值得在愈合中的切口周围皮肤处轻柔操作。如同吸烟和饮酒(我们在各自的页面中进行了介绍),在手术前后的数周内,任何有助于愈合的措施都值得去做。

手术前后的类固醇使用——两个关键点

这部分内容常令人意外,因此值得详细说明。

1. 切勿突然停用类固醇。 当您规律服用类固醇片剂时,您的身体会感知到体内类固醇充足,从而关闭自身类固醇的分泌。如果此时突然停药,您的身体可能会在一段时间内缺乏类固醇来源,从而导致严重不适。因此,除非医生特别指示您停药,否则请继续服用类固醇,直至手术当天及手术期间。

2. 手术前后您可能需要额外的“覆盖”剂量。 手术是一种生理应激,通常您的身体会通过增加自身类固醇分泌来应对。由于长期服用类固醇片剂抑制了这种自然反应,部分患者在手术前后需要补充类固醇追加剂量(通常通过静脉滴注给予),以弥补这一缺口。这被称为应激剂量类固醇覆盖,您的外科和麻醉团队会为您制定计划;您无需自行安排。这是针对长期服用类固醇患者进行常规且成熟的护理措施。

这对您意味着什么——实用部分

  • 告知您的医疗团队您正在服用类固醇,并具体说明:哪种药物、剂量是多少、以及您已服用多长时间。如果您有类固醇卡片或警示手环,请随身携带。
  • 切勿自行停用或更改类固醇剂量。 请遵循您获得的书面指示,如有任何不清楚之处,请咨询医生。
  • 如果尚未提及,请询问关于您骨骼的情况:包括钙和维生素D,以及有时需要的增强骨骼药物(请参阅我们的骨骼健康页面)。
  • 请记住,本页面讨论的是口服类固醇片剂,这与关节内注射类固醇不同,也与用于增肌的类固醇完全不同。

何时寻求帮助

大多数使用类固醇的患者都能顺利度过手术,没有并发症。但了解以下警示信号很有必要,因为这些情况易于及时处理:

  • 如果您漏服了类固醇剂量(例如因呕吐或疾病导致),并感到极度疲劳或虚弱、头晕或昏厥,或正在呕吐:这可能是身体类固醇不足的迹象。请立即寻求医疗帮助,如果您有紧急类固醇使用计划,请遵照执行。
  • 伤口周围,请注意观察其愈合不良或可能感染的迹象:红肿、肿胀、发热或疼痛加剧有分泌物或脓液,伤口裂开,或出现发热。请告知我们。
  • 此外,正如往常一样:如果您在手术前不确定如何处理类固醇,请咨询我们,切勿自行猜测。我们总是更愿意为您解答疑问。

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