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口服激素、骨骼与愈合

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How long-term steroid tablets affect bone, wound healing and surgery, and why they must never be stopped suddenly.

骨旁的类固醇片剂。
长期服用糖皮质激素片剂会削弱骨骼并延缓愈合——且绝不能突然停药。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

如果您正在服用激素片剂,本页内容即为您而设。像 泼尼松龙、泼尼松或地塞米松 这样的药物是宝贵且有时必不可少的治疗手段:它们能抑制炎症和过度活跃的免疫反应,并帮助患有哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)以及各类炎症性和自身免疫性疾病的人群保持良好的生活质量。下文所述内容均非停止服用这些药物的理由。但这些药物确实存在一些在手术期间需要关注的影响,而稍作规划即可使整个过程更加安全。您能做的最有用的事情很简单:告知您的医疗团队您正在服用激素:具体是哪一种、剂量是多少,以及您已服用了多久。

此处“类固醇”的含义

“类固醇”一词用于指代几种截然不同的事物,因此有必要明确其具体所指。本页讨论的是糖皮质激素片剂(常用药物包括泼尼松龙、泼尼松和地塞米松),即因某种医疗状况而规律服用的药物。

这些药物与关节或肌腱内的类固醇注射不同,后者是一次性、局部给药的剂量,旨在缓解单一疼痛区域的症状(我们另有一页专门介绍糖皮质激素注射)。此外,它们也与运动领域有时使用的合成代谢、增肌类固醇不同,后者属于完全不同类别的药物。当我们在术前询问您是否使用“类固醇”时,指的是您规律服用的片剂。

类固醇与您的骨骼

类固醇片剂最重要的长期影响之一是对骨骼的作用。长期口服类固醇是骨质疏松症最常见的医学诱因,骨质疏松症是指骨量减少,使骨骼更容易发生骨折。这对外科医生而言至关重要,因为更坚固的骨骼愈合更好,且能更好地固定内植物;此外,骨折是我们更希望预防的情况。

有几件事值得了解,因为它们既令人安心,也起到警示作用:

  • 这种影响与剂量和时长相关,但即使每日服用中等剂量,持续数月也可能开始降低骨骼强度。
  • 骨量流失最快的阶段发生在早期,即开始用药后的最初几个月,这正是为什么骨骼保护宜早不宜迟的原因。
  • 这种情况在很大程度上是可以管理的。大多数长期服用类固醇的人应将骨骼保护视为常规护理的一部分。

这通常从基础措施开始:摄入足够的钙和维生素D。对于风险较高的人群,您的医生可能会添加一种增强骨骼的药物(如双膦酸盐)。如果您长期服用类固醇,而无人向您提及骨骼健康,主动提出这一点是非常合理的。我们的骨骼健康与骨质疏松症页面对此有更详细的介绍。

类固醇、伤口愈合与感染

类固醇通过抑制炎症和免疫反应发挥作用,这正是其对许多疾病有益的原因。其权衡之处在于,同样的镇静作用可能导致伤口愈合速度略微减慢,并可能使伤口感染的可能性略有增加。长期来看,类固醇还可能导致皮肤变薄,因此接受长期治疗的患者常会注意到自己容易淤青,或因轻微碰撞而出现皮肤撕裂。

这些情况并不意味着手术无法进行。它只是意味着您的医疗团队会对伤口进行更密切的监测,并且值得对愈合切口周围的皮肤采取温和的护理措施。正如吸烟和饮酒(我们在各自的页面上单独介绍)一样,在手术前后的几周内,任何有助于愈合的措施都值得去做。

围手术期激素使用——两个关键点

这部分内容往往令人意外,因此值得详细说明。

1. 切勿突然停用激素。 当您规律服用激素片剂时,身体会感知到体内激素充足,从而关闭自身的激素生成。如果随后突然停药,身体可能在一段时间内既无外源性也无内源性激素来源,这可能导致您出现严重不适。因此,除非医生明确指示否则,您应继续服用激素,直至手术前及整个手术期间。

2. 围手术期可能需要额外的“补充”剂量。 手术是一种生理应激,通常身体会通过增加自身激素分泌来应对。由于规律服用激素片剂已抑制了这种自然反应,部分患者在手术前后可能需要补充剂量的激素(通常通过静脉输液给予),以填补这一缺口。这被称为应激剂量或激素补充,您的外科和麻醉团队会为您制定计划;您无需自行安排任何事宜。这是长期激素治疗患者护理中常规且成熟的一部分。

这对您意味着什么——实用要点

  • 告知您的医疗团队您正在服用类固醇,并具体说明:哪种药物、剂量是多少,以及您已服用多久。如果您持有类固醇卡片或警示手环,请随身携带。
  • 切勿自行停止或更改类固醇用药。 请遵循您获得的书面说明,如有任何不清楚之处,请咨询医生。
  • 如果尚未提及,请询问关于您骨骼健康的问题:钙和维生素D,有时还需要服用增强骨骼的药物(参见我们的骨骼健康页面)。
  • 请记住,本页内容涉及的是类固醇片剂,这与关节内注射的类固醇不同,也与增肌类固醇不同。

何时寻求帮助

大多数服用激素的患者都能顺利度过手术,通常不会出现问题。但了解警示信号仍然很重要,因为您可以轻松采取相应措施:

  • 如果您漏服了激素剂量(例如因呕吐或疾病所致),并感到极度疲劳或虚弱、头晕或晕厥、或出现呕吐:这可能是身体激素不足的表现。请立即寻求医疗帮助,如果您有紧急激素使用计划,请遵照执行。
  • 在伤口周围,注意观察是否出现愈合不良或可能感染的迹象:红肿、肿胀、发热或疼痛加剧,渗出液或脓液,伤口裂开,或出现发热。请告知我们。
  • 一如既往:如果您不确定手术前该如何处理激素,请询问我们,不要自行猜测。我们总是更愿意回答您的问题。

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