钙化性肌腱炎

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview¶

Epidemiology and Natural History¶

• Calcific tendon deposits of the shoulder are a frequent occurrence in the general population [2].
• Only one third of calcific tendon deposits in the shoulder are painful [2].
• Symptomatic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder has a good likelihood to completely resolve in the long-term [3].

Non-Operative Treatment¶

• The primary choice of treatment for calcific tendinitis is conservative, especially in patients with acute calcific tendinitis [26].
• Ultrasound treatment helps resolve calcifications and is associated with short-term clinical improvement in patients with symptomatic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder [1].
• Conservative treatment for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder showed clinically significant improvement, with 72% of excellent or good results regardless of the location, radiologic type and size, and initial symptoms of calcific deposits [5].
• Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has produced a high rate of success in pain relief and functional restoration with negligible associated complications [11].
• Shock wave therapy is a safe and effective noninvasive treatment for patients with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, producing a high rate of success in pain relief and functional restoration with negligible complications [19].
• ESWT can be considered as an alternative treatment for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder due to its good tolerance, safety, and clinical radiological response [25].
• Both ultrasound-guided needling and extracorporeal shock wave therapy improved clinical outcomes and eliminated calcium deposits in the treatment of calcific tendinitis [6].
• Utilization of barbotage as a treatment for calcific tendonitis of the shoulder appears to produce notable pain reduction in the short term (specifically at the 2-month follow-up), but begins to lose some efficacy over long-term evaluation [27].
• Patients with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder who have the factors identified for a poor outcome after ESWT should undergo a different procedure [42].

Operative Treatment¶

• Surgical treatment of calcific tendinitis gives good results in 88.5% of patients resistant to medical treatment [12].
• The aim of arthroscopic treatment in calcific tendinitis is to remove the calcific deposit [15].
• Arthroscopic removal of calcification leads to improved clinical outcomes in patients with chronic calcific tendinitis, but at least 6 months of follow-up is needed for these improvements to become statistically significant [13].
• Patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment of a calcific deposit in the shoulder had satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes at the final follow-up, with functional scores improving slowly and reaching more than 75 percent at six months after surgery [7].
• Arthroscopic treatment of calcifying tendinitis provides good to excellent clinical results [20].
• Arthroscopic treatment of chronically painful calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff promises to be successful in more than 90% of the patients if conservative treatment fails [37].
• Arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits of the shoulder shows good clinical results for pain reduction, shoulder function and patient satisfaction [44].
• Endoscopic and open surgery are equally effective in the treatment of chronic calcifying tendinopathy, showing similar clinical and sonographic results [34].
• Preoperative ultrasound-guided marking of calcific deposits is a procedure that statistically significantly improves the clinical results of arthroscopic surgery as seen at 6 weeks and 2 years [33].
• The short-term functional outcome of patients with calcific tendonitis after arthroscopic bursectomy and debridement of the calcific deposit is not influenced if performed in combination with or without a subacromial decompression [40].
• Routine diagnostic glenohumeral exploration does not appear beneficial in arthroscopic treatment of calcific tendinitis due to the low prevalence of intraarticular pathologies which most frequently do not require surgical treatment [23].

Prognostic Factors¶

• Patients with calcific lesions >1 cm had a 2.8 increased likelihood to undergo operative treatment in the setting of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder [4].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology¶

Epidemiology & Demographics¶

• Calcific tendon deposits of the shoulder are a frequent occurrence in the general population, although only one third are painful [2].
• In approximately 80% of patients, calcifying tendinitis occurs in the supraspinatus tendon [115].
• Most patients with calcifying tendinitis are 30-50 years old [115].
• Women are approximately 1.5 times more often affected by calcifying tendinitis than men [115].
• The incidence of calcifying tendinitis in the general population is 2.5-20% [115].
• In about 10% of individuals, calcific deposits are found bilaterally [17].
• In 20% of cases, subjects with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy are asymptomatic [17].
• Subjects with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy were often female aged between 30 and 60 [17].
• Demographic, radiographic, and clinical features of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder in the Korean population were not different from those of Western populations [14].

Anatomical Location & Structures¶

• Calcific deposits are most commonly located at the level of the supraspinatus tendon [17].
• In calcifying tendinitis, deposits are typically located 1.5-2 cm from the tendinous insertion at the greater tuberosity [115].
• The greater tuberosity serves as the attachment site for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor tendons of the rotator cuff [70].
• The rotator cuff consists of four muscles: the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor [71].
• The acromion, the coracoacromial ligament, and the coracoid process form the coracoacromial arch [70].
• The rotator cuff, subacromial bursa, and subdeltoid bursa pass underneath the coracoacromial arch [70].
• The subacromial bursa separates the rotator cuff tendons from the coracoacromial arch and allows them to glide [78].
• The infraspinatus and teres minor fuse near their musculotendinous junctions [83].
• The tendons of the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles join approximately 15 mm proximal to their insertion [83].

Pathogenesis & Staging¶

• The pathogenesis of calcific tendinitis remains unclear, and different theories have been proposed [30].
• Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff tendons is thought to have a different pathophysiologic mechanism than calcific tendinitis at other sites, such as the Achilles or patellar tendons [30].
• Uhthoff and Loehr described an active, cell-mediated process that is now widely accepted for the pathogenesis of calcific tendinitis [30].
• Uhthoff and Loehr described cartilage metaplasia as a reactionary process in an active biologic environment [30].
• The reactive calcification theory proposed by Uthoff in 1997 consists of a three-stages process: pre-calcific, calcific, and post-calcific stage [17].
• The precalcific stage consists of predominantly fibrocartilaginous metaplasia presumably within less vascular areas of the tendon [30].
• During the pre-calcific stage, tenocytes undergo a metaplastic transformation into chondrocytes within the site where the calcium deposits will subsequently form [17].
• The calcific stage is subdivided into three separate phases: formative, resting, and resorptive [30].
• In the formative phase of the calcific stage, matrix vesicles unite to become calcific deposits that are separated by fibrocartilage [30].
• The resting phase is characterized by the presence of calcium deposits in the rotator cuff [17].
• The resorptive phase is associated with acute, sudden onset of extremely severe pain [49].
• Calcific deposits consist of two different forms of hydroxyapatite: A type and B type [30].
• The composition of an individual calcific deposit can have a mixture of the two types of hydroxyapatite [30].
• Each individual phase of calcific tendinitis has a different composition of hydroxyapatite [30].
• Calcium is deposited in the fibrocartilaginous matrix of the tendon as calcium carbonate apatite [49].
• Endocrine and metabolic disorders were often described as comorbidity in subjects with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy [17].
• Endocrine disorders probably play an important role in the development of rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy, but the effect of this process is still unknown [17].
• Shorter length of the infraspinatus tendon and specific subacromial bursa anatomy may explain the intramuscular migration of calcium deposits leading to the lesion [10].

Clinical Presentation & Pain Mechanisms¶

• Subjects with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy often reported nightly, acute, unilateral and severe pain with spontaneous onset [17].
• Subjects with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy often reported deficit in active and passive range of motion, mainly in abduction and flexion [17].
• Calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus does not typically cause loss of external rotation but is frequently associated with mild isolated restriction of abduction [22].
• Patients with calcific tendinitis had less passive abduction, forward flexion, internal rotation, and external rotation than the control group [65].
• The main mechanism of abduction contracture lies in the mechanical blocking between the bulged calcified deposits and the coracoacromial arch [45].
• Abduction contracture is presumably caused by mechanical blocking by the calcified deposits and the coracoacromial arch and by reflex muscle spasm caused by pain [125].
• Patients with calcific tendinitis had significantly greater nerve counts compared with the rotator cuff repair group and the control group [65].
• A greater nerve count positively correlated with a greater degree of neovascularization and also positively correlated with greater frequency of extreme pain [65].
• Neovascularization positively correlated with more frequent pain during sleep and more frequent extreme pain [65].
• The pathophysiology of calcific tendinitis remains largely unknown, with proposed theories including degenerative calcification, repetitive trauma, necrosis of tenocytes and intracellular calcium accumulation, reactive calcification, endochondral ossification, and chondral metaplasia [65].
• Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff with tuberosity osteolysis is a distinctive form of calcific tendinitis that should be considered in clinical and surgical practice [28].
• A rotator cuff tear was the only factor affecting the complete recovery of shoulder function in patients treated for calcific tendinitis [113].

Classification¶

• The supraspinatus is the most frequently affected tendon in rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy, followed by the infraspinatus and subscapularis [38].
• In 9% of patients with rotator cuff calcific deposits, two or more tendons are affected [38].
• The median length of calcific deposits in the rotator cuff is 1.16 cm [38].
• 55.8% of calcific deposits in the rotator cuff have a length between 0.5 and 1.5 cm [38].
• 28.6% of calcific deposits in the rotator cuff have a length greater than 1.5 cm [38].
• Gartner type II morphology is the most common radiographic classification for calcific deposits, present in 47.0% of cases [38].
• Gartner type I morphology is present in 38.4% of calcific deposits [38].
• Gartner type III morphology is present in 14.6% of calcific deposits [38].
• Approximately 76% of calcifications in the shoulder are characterized as dense (type A or B) using the Mole et al. classification scheme [39].
• Approximately 24% of calcifications in the shoulder are characterized as fluffy (type C) using the Mole et al. classification scheme [39].
• Type A calcific deposits are dense, rounded, and sharply delineated [67].
• Type B calcific deposits are multilobular in appearance, radiodense, and sharply outlined [67].
• Type C calcific deposits are more radiolucent and heterogeneous with irregular outlines [67].
• Type D calcific deposits are dystrophic calcific lesions of the tendon insertion [67].
• The pathogenesis of calcific tendinitis involves a three-stage process: precalcific, calcific, and postcalcific [30].
• The calcific stage is subdivided into three phases: formative, resting, and resorptive [30].
• The precalcific stage consists of predominantly fibrocartilaginous metaplasia within less vascular areas of the tendon [30].
• In the formative phase of the calcific stage, matrix vesicles unite to become calcific deposits separated by fibrocartilage [30].
• The composition of an individual calcific deposit can have a mixture of A type and B type hydroxyapatite [30].
• Disease evolution in calcific tendinitis can be classified into four stages: precalcific, calcific, resorptive, and postcalcific [107].
• The resorptive phase of calcific tendinitis is the most painful stage owing to vascular invasion, increased phagocytic cells, and edema from intratendinous pressure [107].

Clinical Presentation¶

• Subjects complaining of rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy were often female aged between 30 and 60 [17].
• Calcific tendinitis is a poorly understood condition in which symptoms can be protracted, resulting in time off work and impaired quality of life [8].
• The calcium deposits are most commonly located at the level of the supraspinatus tendon [17].
• The supraspinatus was the most frequently affected tendon in 82.7% of patients with calcific deposits, followed by the subscapularis tendon in 8.9% and the infraspinatus in 8.4% [38].
• Two or more tendons were affected in 9% of patients with calcific deposits [38].
• The median length of the calcific deposit was 1.16 cm, with 55.8% ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 cm and 28.6% greater than 1.5 cm [38].
• Approximately 76% of calcifications were characterized as dense (type A or B) and 24% as fluffy (type C) [39].
• Recognition of atypical presentations of calcific tendinitis with bone erosion may prevent unnecessary biopsy and overtreatment [16].
• The presence of a calcium deposit in the rotator cuff of a patient with painful shoulder does not rule out the possibility of a coexisting rotator cuff tear [60].
• Calcific tendinitis in the elbow of a child has not been reported previously [24].
• Atypical calcific tendinitis involving teres minor can affect overhead movement [9].
• Calcific tendinitis of the trapezius insertion is a recognized presentation [18].
• Of twelve histologically verified cases of calcific periarthritis adjacent to joints other than the shoulder, in only one patient was the preoperative clinical diagnosis accurate [59].

Investigations¶

Plain Radiography¶

• Standardized plain films are almost always sufficient to garner the information needed for shoulder imaging [47].
• The purpose of imaging the shoulder is to help establish the diagnosis, determine the severity of the pathoanatomy, assist in surgical planning, and enable the surgeon to illustrate the condition of the shoulder to the patient [47].
• At least two X-ray views should be obtained for shoulder imaging: an anteroposterior in the plane of the glenoid and an axillary projection with the arm in abduction [87].
• The axillary view is taken with the arm in the functional position of elevation in the plane of the scapula and oriented so that both the spinoglenoid notch and the scapular neck are visible [47].
• The axillary view demonstrates glenohumeral relationships in the functional position of elevation, which is referred to as the "truth view" [47].
• CT scans may offer a few degrees of increased precision in the measurement of glenoid version, but this precision does not improve the quality of the surgery or the clinical outcome [47].
• The temptation to "overimage" should be resisted, obtaining only the scans or reconstructions that are necessary for the care of the patient [47].
• Calcific tendinitis can be observed on plain radiograph [94].
• Calcific deposits in the fingers may not be seen on standard views and oblique views may be necessary [111].

Ultrasonography¶

• Ultrasound is a simple and accurate test for identifying rotator cuff tears and calcific tendinitis [87].
• Ultrasound can be useful in guiding injections or barbotage (aspirating calcific deposits in the rotator cuff) [87].
• Ultrasonography is a low-cost alternative to MRI and arthrography for evaluating both skeletal and soft-tissue structures of the shoulder [94].
• Ultrasonography can provide immediate, real-time visualization of the rotator cuff, biceps tendon, and calcific deposits [94].
• Ultrasonography can be used to measure the subacromial space and detect atrophy of rotator cuff muscles [94].
• Ultrasonography can evaluate impingement in various positions and motions due to real-time imaging [94].
• Ultrasonography is highly operator dependent and is not as useful for evaluating labral tears or rotator cuff tears that are very small or larger than 3 cm [94].
• The accuracy of rotator cuff ultrasonography depends on the skill of the scanner operator and an awareness of pitfalls that are encountered [85].
• US elastography is recommended for all patients with calcific tendinosis, except for those with the arc morphological type, before making management decisions [31].
• The surgeon performing ultrasound of the shoulder can diagnose intraosseous calcifying tendinitis [56].
• Calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus is frequently associated with mild isolated restriction of abduction but does not typically cause loss of external rotation [22].

Magnetic Resonance Imaging¶

• MRI is the modality of choice for evaluating the rotator cuff, biceps, and subacromial/subdeltoid bursa [94].
• T2-weighted MRI provides better visualization of full thickness rotator cuff tears [94].
• MRI can identify labral tears and rotator cuff tears, although the accuracy for these is enhanced by combining the scan with arthrography [87].
• Shoulder surgeons should be aware of the accuracy limitations of sonographic or MRI evaluation regarding rotator cuff tears as a comorbidity in calcific tendinitis [32].
• The incidence of rotator cuff tears in cases of calcific tendonitis is higher than previously reported in cohorts undergoing MRI [41].

Computed Tomography¶

• CT imaging is frequently used to evaluate fractures of the shoulder, to assess for bony lesions in recurrent instability cases, or for preoperative templating for shoulder arthritis [94].
• CT is helpful for planning fracture surgery and shoulder joint replacement [87].

Diagnostic Findings and Pathology¶

• The paper illustrates the dynamic pathological process of calcific tendinopathy, including migration patterns of calcium deposits [29].

Treatment¶

Non-Operative Management¶

• Nonoperative treatment consists of physical therapy, therapeutic modalities, and injections [49].
• Anti-inflammatory medications and steroid use are a common first line treatment option [36].
• Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe and effective noninvasive treatment for patients with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, producing a high rate of success in pain relief and functional restoration with negligible complications [19].
• Treatment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder with shock waves has produced a high rate of success in pain relief and functional restoration with negligible associated complications [11].
• The effectiveness of ESWT in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is dose-dependent [43].
• Disintegration of calcific deposits via ESWT requires an energy of at least 0.42 mJ/mm² and 2000 impulses [58].
• Shock wave therapy is a heterogeneous but effective treatment for calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder [53].
• ESWT in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is very effective [55].
• Both ultrasound-guided needling and extracorporeal shock wave therapy improved clinical outcomes and eliminated calcium deposits in patients with calcific tendinitis [6].
• Ultrasound-guided needling showed a higher decrease in calcium deposits compared to radial shockwave therapy at 6 weeks [104].
• Ultrasound-guided needling showed a significantly higher improvement in the Oxford Score pre- and post-treatment compared to radial shockwave therapy [104].
• After one year, there was no significant difference in NRS and Oxford Score between ultrasound-guided needling and radial shockwave therapy groups [104].
• Patients with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder who have factors identified for a poor outcome after ESWT should undergo a different procedure [42].
• Needle aspiration of calcific deposits (NACD) is safe and effective for calcific tendinitis [35].
• In case of persisting symptoms, patients may be scheduled for another NACD procedure with a minimal term of six weeks between procedures [35].
• Percutaneous needle barbotage of calcium deposits has been demonstrated to provide pain relief and improved symptoms in patients suffering from calcific tendonitis [36].
• Symptoms of calcific tendinitis of the trapezius insertion responded to needle aspiration and injection, with the patient reporting normal shoulder function approximately 1 year after the procedure [18].

Operative Management¶

• Arthroscopic or open removal of the deposit is occasionally necessary for calcific tendinitis [49].
• In athletes with calcifying tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon with failed nonoperative treatment, complete arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits and tendon repair without acromioplasty results in significant pain relief and improvement in functional outcomes [102].
• Arthroscopic debridement of calcific tendinitis with intraosseous involvement is a safe and effective treatment method similar to that of pure tendinous involvement [100].
• Complete removal of calcium was achieved in 44 patients (88%) after surgery, with faint specks apparent in 6 (12%) [39].
• Routine exploration of the gleno-humeral joint during arthroscopic removal of rotator cuff calcifications is not advisable as it significantly increases the risk of adhesive capsulitis without identifying a sufficient number of lesions requiring a therapeutic procedure [110].
• The rotator cuff should be repaired if it is significantly involved during treatment for calcific tendinitis [49].

Complications¶

• Shoulder surgeons should be cautious about rotator cuff tears as a comorbidity in calcific tendinitis and aware of the accuracy limitations of sonographic or MRI evaluation [32].
• The incidence of rotator cuff tears in cases of calcific tendonitis is higher than previously reported in a cohort of patients who underwent MRI [41].
• The incidence and type of intraarticular lesions in calcifying tendinitis are comparable to age-matched shoulders with partial- rather than full-thickness rotator cuff tears [61].
• It is speculated that the main mechanism of abduction contracture lies in the mechanical blocking between the bulged calcified deposits and the coracoacromial arch [45].
• Periarticular calcific deposits are self-limiting and respond to conservative treatment, whereas recurrence and persistent symptoms are not rare in patients with peritendinous calcific deposits in the hand and wrist [21].

Recovery¶

Natural History and Prognosis¶

• Symptoms of calcific tendinitis can be protracted, resulting in time off work and impaired quality of life [8].
• The onset of calcium resorption in acute calcific tendinitis occurs most frequently in the summer in Japan [130].

Conservative and Minimally Invasive Management¶

• Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) can be considered as an alternative treatment for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder due to its good tolerance, safety, and clinical radiological response [25].
• Calcific deposits disappeared in the same percentage of patients in both groups of a randomized clinical trial comparing two different energy levels of extracorporeal shock-wave therapy [69].
• Percutaneous needle aspiration and lavage is effective in the short term and in the long term in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, with results similar to or better than those published for other techniques, and it is only slightly invasive and painful [62].
• There was no significant difference in short- and long-term clinical outcomes between single- and double-needle US-guided percutaneous irrigation of calcific tendinopathy [63].
• A symptom duration of ≤10 months or calcification size of ≤10.82 mm represented the clinical scenarios most likely to show resorption after ESWT [126].
• In SWT studies, Type III calcifications and shorter symptom duration were associated with better outcomes [129].

Operative Management¶

• Improved Constant scores at 24 months after arthroscopic treatment were inversely related to the number and size of residual calcifications in all patients [67].

Prognostic Factors and Complications¶

Key Evidence¶

• [L1] In patients with symptomatic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, ultrasound treatment helps resolve calcifications and is associated with short-term clinical improvement. [1] (10.1056/nejm199905203402002)
• [L3] Calcific tendon deposits of the shoulder are a frequent occurrence in the general population, although only one third are painful. [2] (10.1007/s00256-015-2240-3)
• [L1] Symptomatic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder has a good likelihood to completely resolve in the long-term. [3] (10.1097/phm.0000000000000939)
• [L3] Patients with calcific lesions >1 cm had a 2.8 increased likelihood to undergo operative treatment in the setting of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. [4] (10.1016/j.jseint.2021.01.013)
• [L2] Conservative treatment for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder showed clinically significant improvement, with 72% of excellent or good results regardless of the location, radiologic type and size, and initial symptoms of calcific deposits. [5] (10.1016/j.jse.2009.07.008)
• [L2] Both treatment modalities for calcific tendinitis improved clinical outcomes and eliminated calcium deposits. [6] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.036)
• [Paper] Patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment of a calcific deposit in the shoulder had satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes at the final follow-up, with functional scores improving slowly and reaching more than 75 percent at six months after surgery. [7] (10.1016/j.otsr.2020.03.005)
• [L3] Calcific tendinitis is a poorly understood condition in which symptoms can be protracted, resulting in time off work and impaired quality of life. [8] (10.1016/j.jse.2006.06.007)
• [Case_report] [9] (10.1016/j.jisako.2025.101055)
• [L4] Shorter length of the infraspinatus tendon and specific subacromial bursa anatomy may explain the intramuscular migration of calcium deposits leading to the lesion. [10] (10.1016/j.jse.2022.01.092)
• [L2] Treatment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder with shock waves has produced a high rate of success in pain relief and functional restoration with negligible associated complications. [11] (10.1016/j.jse.2007.03.023)
• [L4] Surgical treatment of calcific tendinitis gives good results in 88.5% of patients resistant to medical treatment. [12] (10.1007/s100670050108)
• [L4] Arthroscopic removal of calcification leads to improved clinical outcomes in patients with chronic calcific tendinitis, but at least 6 months of follow-up is needed for these improvements to become statistically significant. [13] (10.5397/cise.2018.21.2.75)
• [L4] This study reported demographic, radiographic, and clinical features of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder in the Korean population, which were not different from those of Western populations. [14] (10.5397/cise.2020.00010)
• [L4] The aim of arthroscopic treatment in calcific tendinitis is to remove the calcific deposit. [15] (10.1016/s1058-2746(98)90180-x)
• [L5] Recognition of atypical presentations of calcific tendinitis with bone erosion may prevent unnecessary biopsy and overtreatment. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2009.02.009)
• [L3] [17] (10.1177/17585732241244515)
• [L5] Symptoms responded to needle aspiration and injection, with the patient reporting normal shoulder function approximately 1 year after the procedure. [18] (10.1016/s1058-2746(99)90011-3)
• [L3] Shock wave therapy is a safe and effective noninvasive treatment for patients with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, producing a high rate of success in pain relief and functional restoration with negligible complications. [19] (10.1177/03635465030310031701)
• [L3] Arthroscopic treatment of calcifying tendinitis provides good to excellent clinical results. [20] (10.1177/03635465211037690)
• [L3] Periarticular calcific deposits are self-limiting and respond to conservative treatment, whereas recurrence and persistent symptoms are not rare in patients with peritendinous calcific deposits in the hand and wrist. [21] (10.1177/1753193413478393)
• [L3] Calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus does not typically cause loss of external rotation but is frequently associated with mild isolated restriction of abduction. [22] (10.1177/2325967117752907)
• [L3] Routine diagnostic glenohumeral exploration does not appear beneficial in arthroscopic treatment of calcific tendinitis due to the low prevalence of intraarticular pathologies which most frequently do not require surgical treatment. [23] (10.1186/s12891-017-1839-z)
• [L5] Calcific tendinitis in the elbow of a child has not been reported previously. [24] (10.1067/mse.2002.119854)
• [L2] Because of its good tolerance, safety, and clinical radiological response, ESWT can be considered as an alternative treatment for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. [25] (10.1136/ard.62.3.248)
• [L5] The primary choice of treatment for calcific tendinitis is conservative, especially in patients with acute calcific tendinitis. [26] (10.5397/cise.2020.00318)
• [L4] Utilization of barbotage as a treatment for calcific tendonitis of the shoulder appears to produce notable pain reduction in the short term (specifically at the 2-month follow-up), but begins to lose some efficacy over long-term evaluation. [27] (10.1016/j.jseint.2024.06.005)
• [L2] Imaging and functional data indicate that calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff with tuberosity osteolysis is a distinctive form of calcific tendinitis that should be considered in clinical and surgical practice. [28] (10.1016/j.jse.2008.09.016)
• [L5] The paper illustrates the dynamic pathological process of calcific tendinopathy, including migration patterns of calcium deposits, and discusses clinical and sonographic assessment to optimize diagnosis, rehabilitation, and interventional management for functional recovery. [29] (10.3390/diagnostics12123097)
• [L5] [30] (10.5435/jaaos-22-11-707)
• [L4] We recommend that US elastography be performed for all patients with calcific tendinosis, except for those with the arc morphological type, before making management decisions. [31] (10.1016/j.jcma.2015.05.006)
• [L3] Shoulder surgeons should be cautious about rotator cuff tears as a comorbidity in calcific tendinitis and aware of the accuracy limitations of sonographic or MRI evaluation. [32] (10.5397/cise.2021.00094)
• [L3] Preoperative ultrasound-guided marking of calcific deposits is a procedure that statistically significantly improves the clinical results of arthroscopic surgery as seen at 6 weeks and 2 years. [33] (10.1016/j.arthro.2006.08.005)
• [L1] Endoscopic and open surgery are equally effective in the treatment of chronic calcifying tendinopathy, showing similar clinical and sonographic results. [34] (10.1097/01.blo.0000063786.32430.22)
• [L4] [35] (10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.01.018)
• [L4] [36] (10.1177/2325967121s00655)
• [L4] This study confirmed that if conservative treatment fails, arthroscopic treatment of chronically painful calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff promises to be successful in more than 90% of the patients. [37] (10.1016/j.arthro.2006.01.012)
• [L3] [38] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.02.024)
• [L3] [39] (10.1016/j.jse.2010.10.038)
• [L1] This study has demonstrated that the short-term functional outcome of patients with calcific tendonitis after arthroscopic bursectomy and debridement of the calcific deposit is not influenced if performed in combination with or without a subacromial decompression. [40] (10.1016/j.arthro.2015.05.015)
• [L4] The incidence of rotator cuff tears in cases of calcific tendonitis in this cohort of patients who underwent MRI is higher than previously reported. [41] (10.1016/j.arthro.2019.11.127)
• [L3] Patients with calcific tendinitis of the shoulder who have the factors identified for a poor outcome after ESWT should undergo a different procedure. [42] (10.1302/0301-620x.99b12.bjj-2016-1178.r1)
• [L2] The study confirms the effectiveness of ESWT in CT of the shoulder and demonstrates that the results are dose-dependent. [43] (10.1067/mse.2002.126614)
• [L3] Arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits of the shoulder shows good clinical results for pain reduction, shoulder function and patient satisfaction. [44] (10.1007/s00167-008-0507-0)
• [L4] It is speculated that the main mechanism of abduction contracture lies in the mechanical blocking between the bulged calcified deposits and the coracoacromial arch. [45] (10.1016/s1058-2746(96)80285-0)
• [L1] Shock wave therapy is a heterogeneous but effective treatment for calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. [53] (10.1177/1941738108331197)
• [L1] ESWT in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is very effective. [55] (10.1007/s00256-004-0849-8)
• [L4] This complex case report illustrates the value of the surgeon performing ultrasound of the shoulder to diagnose an intraosseous calcifying tendinitis. [56] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2023.09.012)
• [L2] [58] (10.1007/s00776-003-0720-0)
• [L4] Of twelve histologically verified cases of calcific periarthritis adjacent to joints other than the shoulder, in only one patient (toe) was the preoperative clinical diagnosis accurate, which signals the need for greater awareness of this entity as a differential diagnostic option. [59] (10.2106/jbjs.k.00874)
• [L4] The presence of a calcium deposit in the rotator cuff of a patient with painful shoulder does not rule out the possibility of a coexisting rotator cuff tear (RCT). [60] (10.1016/s1058-2746(09)80095-5)
• [L3] The incidence and type of intraarticular lesions in calcifying tendinitis are comparable to age-matched shoulders with partial- rather than full-thickness rotator cuff tears. [61] (10.1007/s00402-011-1263-z)
• [L4] Percutaneous needle aspiration and lavage is effective in the short term and in the long term in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, with results similar to or better than those published for other techniques, and it is only slightly invasive and painful. [62] (10.2214/ajr.07.2254)
• [L1] There was no significant difference in short- and long-term clinical outcomes between single- and double-needle US-guided percutaneous irrigation of calcific tendinopathy. [63] (10.1148/radiol.2017162888)
• [L3] [65] (10.2106/jbjs.o.00417)
• [L4] [67] (10.1016/j.jse.2004.04.001)
• [L2] Calcific deposits disappeared in the same percentage of patients in both groups. [69] (10.2522/ptj.20110252)
• [L3] Arthroscopic debridement of calcific tendinitis with intraosseous involvement is a safe and effective treatment method similar to that of pure tendinous involvement. [100] (10.1007/s00167-022-06870-2)
• [L4] In athletes with calcifying tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon with failed nonoperative treatment, complete arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits and tendon repair without acromioplasty results in significant pain relief and improvement in functional outcomes. [102] (10.1177/2325967116669310)
• [L2] [104] (10.1016/j.jor.2017.07.011)
• [L1] [107] (10.1148/radiol.11111157)
• [L3] Routine exploration of the gleno-humeral joint during arthroscopic removal of rotator cuff calcifications is not advisable as it significantly increases the risk of adhesive capsulitis without identifying a sufficient number of lesions requiring a therapeutic procedure. [110] (10.1016/j.otsr.2021.102915)
• [L5] The calcification may not be seen on standard views and oblique views may be necessary. [111] (10.1016/0266-7681(85)90036-1)
• [L3] A rotator cuff tear was the only factor affecting the complete recovery of shoulder function. [113] (10.1177/03635465231217733)
• [L2] [115] (10.1177/0269215510396740)
• [L4] The abduction contracture is presumably caused by mechanical blocking by the calcified deposits and the coracoacromial arch and by reflex muscle spasm caused by pain. [125] (10.1016/s1058-2746(97)90074-4)
• [L3] A symptom duration of ≤10 months or calcification size of ≤10.82 mm represented the clinical scenarios most likely to show resorption after ESWT. [126] (10.1177/23259671241231609)
• [L3] In SWT studies, Type III calcifications and shorter symptom duration were associated with better outcomes. [129] (10.1177/17585732251414964)
• [L3] The onset of calcium resorption in acute calcific tendinitis occurs most frequently in the summer in Japan; however, the reasons for seasonal variation remain unclear, and further studies will be needed. [130] (10.1186/s12891-020-03773-6)

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