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绝经期肌肉骨骼综合征

How the menopausal transition and oestrogen withdrawal drive joint, tendon and muscle symptoms — arthralgia, tendinopathy, frozen shoulder, greater trochanteric pain and myalgia — and the evidence on hormone therapy.

一名正在拉伸中的女性。
绝经期雌激素水平下降导致一组公认的关节、肌腱和骨骼问题。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您很可能正在经历关节疼痛,即关节痛,超过一半的女性在更年期前后会出现这种情况。随着身体经历更年期过渡,这种疼痛往往会加剧。雌激素水平的下降是导致这一变化的关键驱动因素。您可能会注意到肌肉感觉更加僵硬。雌激素与肌肉僵硬呈负相关,这意味着雌激素水平较低通常意味着肌肉更紧绷、柔韧性更差。

疼痛可能出现在许多部位。与同龄男性相比,绝经后女性患下腰痛更为常见。这与性激素水平降低引起的生理变化有关。您还可能会感到肩部疼痛。在此期间,无症状的肩袖撕裂风险会增加。这些撕裂在您感觉不到时可能已经存在,直到它们影响您的运动。

日常任务可能变得困难。向后伸手或举过头顶可能会感觉笨拙和僵硬。您可能会发现举起物体或侧卧睡觉变得更加困难。您的医生知道这些变化是真实且常见的。它们并非您的想象。

您的症状可能在夜间或活动后加重。醒来时感到僵硬也很常见。激素水平的变化也可能会影响您的肌肉和肌腱的僵硬感。这种变异性可能使某些日子比另一些日子更好。

重要的是要知道,您并不孤单。肌肉流失,即少肌症,在绝经后女性中的患病率为31%。这种流失加剧了您感受到的疼痛和僵硬。虽然一些治疗方法显示出前景,但激素疗法在保护关节置换方面的证据有限。您的医生将专注于管理您的具体症状并提高您的生活质量。

实际发生了什么

在围绝经期,您的身体经历显著的激素变化,使其特别容易引发肌肉骨骼疼痛。超过一半的女性在此前后会出现关节疼痛,即关节痛。这种不适感通常会随着绝经过渡期的推进而加剧。主要驱动因素是雌激素水平的下降。这种下降不仅影响您的关节,还影响您的肌肉和骨骼。

您的关节依赖光滑的软骨作为骨端之间的减震器。较低的雌激素水平与膝关节骨关节炎的发展有关,这是一种磨损性关节炎。在某些情况下,这与骨质疏松性骨关节炎相结合,其中软骨下方的骨骼因高重塑率而密度降低。这种结构变化可能导致僵硬和疼痛。与同龄男性相比,绝经后女性的腰痛更为常见,这也是由性激素的这些相同生理变化所驱动的。

您的肌肉和肌腱也受到影响。肌肉僵硬与雌激素呈负相关,这意味着较低的水平会导致组织更紧、柔韧性更差。事实上,雌激素与肌肉特性密切相关。这种激素变化可能导致少肌症,即肌肉质量的丧失。在一项针对绝经后女性的研究中,少肌症的患病率为31%。此外,您肩部的肌腱,如冈上肌肌腱,含有雌激素和孕激素受体。当这些激素水平下降时,肌腱纤维可能会减弱。这增加了无症状的全层肩袖撕裂的风险,其中肌腱纤维完全分离。这些撕裂在绝经后时期更为普遍,并与代谢性疾病有关。

您的肩关节周围有一个关节囊,这是一个将关节固定在一起的组织袖套。较低的雌激素水平也可能增加您患粘连性关节囊炎(或称冻结肩)的几率,其中该关节囊变得增厚和紧绷。虽然激素替代疗法可能为这些病症提供一定的保护,但证据不一。归根结底,您感受到的疼痛和僵硬是您身体变化的激素环境直接影响支持您运动组织的直接结果。

我们如何应对

肌肉骨骼疼痛在围绝经期过渡阶段尤为普遍。在更年期前后,超过半数的女性会受到关节痛的影响。这种上升趋势与雌激素水平下降有关。您可以从自我护理和物理治疗开始。温和的运动有助于保持活动能力和力量。对于拇指关节疼痛,将本体感觉神经肌肉促进训练与力量训练相结合,比单独进行力量训练效果更好。这种方法能减少功能障碍并改善运动。如果您患有大转子疼痛综合征且体重指数低于25,将激素治疗与任何运动及健康教育相结合,优于安慰剂。请给这些保守措施一些时间来发挥作用。坚持是看到日常舒适度改善结果的关键。

医疗选择包括止痛药和抗炎药。激素治疗是另一条路径,但存在利弊权衡。雌激素和选择性雌激素受体调节剂可能有助于患有早期骨关节炎或骨质疏松性关节炎的绝经后患者。然而,长期使用全身性更年期激素治疗,特别是仅含雌激素的治疗,与慢性下腰痛风险增加有关。未加孕激素的雌激素显示出对新发膝关节影像学骨关节炎的保护趋势。然而,关于未加孕激素的雌激素使用对髋关节或关节置换发生率的保护效果,证据有限。雌二醇补充可能带来更好的肩袖修复术后结果,尽管疼痛和功能评分的差异未达到最小临床重要阈值。请与您的医生讨论这些益处和风险,以找到适合您的最佳平衡点。

如果尽管采取了这些措施,症状仍然严重,请寻求专科医生的意见。您的医生可能会建议您进行更深入的评估。影像学检查可以排查无症状的全层肩袖撕裂等问题,这些问题在绝经后期更为常见。对于某些特定病症,如果保守治疗失败,偶尔可能会考虑进行手术。这一决定取决于您的个人健康状况和疼痛的严重程度。您的医生将根据最适合您身体和生活方式的方案,指导您进行下一步。

预期情况

在围绝经期过渡阶段,肌肉骨骼疼痛较为常见。超过一半的女性在更年期前后会出现关节痛(关节病)。随着雌激素水平下降,这一比例会进一步增加。您可能会注意到,绝经后女性的腰痛比同龄男性更为普遍。这与绝经后性激素水平降低有关。

您的预后取决于如何管理这些变化。对于某些疾病,如早期退行性骨关节炎,雌激素或特定的雌激素调节药物可能具有益处。如果您存在骨密度降低,这些治疗可能有所帮助。然而,长期使用全身性激素治疗,尤其是仅使用雌激素的治疗,与慢性腰痛风险增加相关。现有证据有限,表明未对抗的雌激素并不能预防髋关节或关节置换的需求。但其在X光片上显示出对膝关节炎的保护趋势。

如果您患有肩袖撕裂,这种情况在绝经后更为常见,并与代谢性疾病相关。雌二醇补充可能改善肩袖修复术后的结局,尽管疼痛评分的差异可能让您感觉并不显著。对于拇指关节炎,将特定的拉伸运动与力量训练相结合,比单独进行力量训练更有效。这能减少功能障碍并改善活动能力。

如果您患有大转子疼痛综合征且体重健康(BMI <25),将激素治疗与运动及健康教育相结合,效果优于安慰剂。少肌症(与年龄相关的肌肉流失)影响约31%的社区居住绝经后女性。这可能影响您的身体活动。

总体而言,您的医生将根据您的具体症状制定个性化方案。部分疼痛可能通过针对性治疗得到缓解。其他症状,如长期使用激素导致的慢性腰痛,可能会持续存在。请诚实地告知您的疼痛程度。现实的期望有助于您管理这一过渡期。您的身体正在发生变化,但您有多种选择来保持活跃和舒适。

何时就医

围绝经期是女性特别容易发生肌肉骨骼疼痛的状态。在绝经前后,超过半数的女性会经历关节痛。关节痛的患病率似乎在绝经过渡期有所增加。与年龄匹配的男性相比,绝经后女性的腰痛更为普遍。如果您出现休息后不缓解的持续性疼痛、无力或不稳、关节交锁或打软腿、影响睡眠或工作的症状,或症状突然加重,请咨询您的全科医生。长期使用全身性绝经激素治疗与慢性腰痛风险增加相关。雌激素补充与接受肩袖修复术的绝经后女性预后改善相关。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的深度。本文面向希望了解证据本身的读者,在此付出额外努力是值得的,因为文献显示,一个显而易见的推论——如果雌激素下降会损害肌肉骨骼组织,那么补充雌激素就应该能修复它——并不成立。

这一组症状如今已有了名称。2024年,它被正式描述为绝经期的肌肉骨骼综合征,将关节痛、肌肉量减少、骨密度降低以及骨关节炎的进展归因于单一病因:绝经过渡期雌激素的急剧下降 [1]。每年约有 4700万 女性进入这一过渡期。超过 70% 的女性会出现肌肉骨骼症状,且 25% 的女性会因此致残 [1]。

该论文中有两个数字值得强调。围绝经期女性肌肉骨骼疼痛的总体患病率约为 71%,且在这些症状患者中,40% 的女性影像学检查 无结构性发现 [1]。正常的扫描结果并不意味着没有问题;对于相当大比例的少数群体而言,这是预期结果。

作者将该综合征归纳为五个过程,这比罗列症状更有用的框架:炎症(关节痛、关节疼痛、冻结肩)、少肌症(平衡能力差、跌倒、耐力下降)、卫星细胞增殖减少(肌肉无法重建)、骨质疏松症(身高降低、驼背姿势、低冲击骨折)以及关节炎(关节疼痛和僵硬) [1]。命名很重要,因为历史上这些情况一直是由不同的临床医生逐个关节进行评估的,没有人看到整体模式。

雌激素在组织中实际发挥的作用

肌腱、肌肉、软骨和滑膜中均存在雌激素受体,因此雌激素的撤退并非仅影响骨骼的事件。但雌激素对肌腱的作用比一般性的功能衰退更为特异。

在肩袖肌腱中,当直接比较衰老与雌激素缺乏的影响时,衰老会降低两种主要胶原蛋白及弹性蛋白的表达,而雌激素缺乏则选择性地仅降低弹性蛋白的表达,对胶原蛋白基因无影响 [2]。胶原蛋白如同绳索,弹性蛋白则提供回弹。这与患者的描述相符:肌腱并非变得脆弱,而是变得僵硬且缺乏弹性。

关于关节疼痛本身,通常一致提出另外三种机制:雌激素通常抑制炎症细胞因子的产生,因此其撤退允许低度炎症状态的存在;雌激素具有直接的镇痛作用,因此失去雌激素会独立于任何组织损伤而降低疼痛阈值;此外,加速的骨转换也会带来其自身的不适感 [3]。

最清晰的天然实验

最强的因果证据并非来自绝经研究。芳香化酶抑制剂用于乳腺癌治疗,可产生深刻且刻意的雌激素剥夺,其肌肉骨骼后果已被仔细测量。

在涵盖21项研究和13,177名女性的荟萃分析中,芳香化酶抑制剂诱导的关节痛的合并患病率为45.9% [4]。约9.3%的女性因此停止其他有效的癌症治疗 [4]。重要的是,这种关节痛主要为非炎症性,关节疼痛但不伴有炎症性关节炎的标志物 [3]。

这是该领域最接近实验的情况。突然去除雌激素,大约一半的女性会出现关节疼痛;这种疼痛是真实的、常见的,且不能用炎症性疾病解释。在定义性论文中,这一平行关系被明确指出,该论文注意到,在芳香化酶抑制剂使用后以及绝经激素治疗突然撤除后 [1],均报告了关节痛增加,这两条不同的路径导致同样突然的雌激素丧失,并产生相同的症状。这是认真对待绝经版本而非将其视为巧合性老化的最佳理由。

与之相关的病症

绝经后肩痛的发生率显著更高。一项针对21,095人的横断面研究显示,绝经女性中肩痛的患病率高于非绝经女性,睡眠时长和炎症标志物是相关因素之一 [5]。

定义性论文将冻结肩明确归入该综合征范畴,将其与关节痛和关节疼痛一同归类于炎症分支,并建议对于表现为粘连性关节囊炎的中老年女性,应考虑该综合征的整体情况,而非孤立地治疗肩部 [1]。

有必要明确该关联的强度。粘连性关节囊炎独立重复验证的风险因素包括糖尿病、甲状腺疾病和高脂血症,一项全基因组关联研究发现,其遗传贡献的大小与糖尿病和甲状腺功能减退症的关联相当,涉及Wnt通路 [6]。绝经并不在这些重复验证良好的因素之列。因此,所提出的机制——雌激素撤退允许炎症状态存在——是合理的,且与关节痛数据一致,但目前冻结肩的关联主要基于这一推理,而非具有与糖尿病关联同等权重的流行病学证据。

此外,还存在与广泛性疼痛的重叠,这一点值得指出,因为它具有双向性。纤维肌痛症状常在绝经前后开始,之后往往更为严重,并在伴有或不伴有卵巢切除的子宫切除术后加重 [17]。这两种疾病的症状列表高度重叠。但纤维肌痛也发生在非绝经女性和男性中,因此性激素不能是唯一的机制,该综述的结论是,应将两者视为独立的问题进行识别和治疗,而非合并为一 [17]。实际上,这意味着不应默认将中老年女性的广泛性疼痛归因于绝经,请参阅我们的纤维肌痛页面。

补充雌激素是否有帮助?

正是在这里,直觉最容易失效,且答案因测量指标的不同而异。

对于肌腱而言,信号指向了相反的方向。在一项倾向评分匹配的国家队列研究中,针对127,672名45岁及以上女性,全身性激素替代治疗与肌腱损伤率增加以及接受手术修复的可能性更大相关 [7]。在另一项针对6,007名女性的前瞻性队列研究中,长期全身性治疗——尤其是仅含雌激素的制剂——与慢性腰痛风险增加相关 [8]。

若在手术期间直接给予,其益处真实存在但幅度较小。在184名接受肩袖修复术的绝经后女性中,补充雌二醇改善了疼痛和肩关节功能评分,但差异未达到患者可察觉的阈值 [9]。关于将雌二醇局部递送至修复部位而非全身给药的研究,目前仅在动物模型中达到了概念验证阶段 [10]。

这些均为观察性研究,且接受激素治疗的女性与未接受者存在系统性差异。这一切都不是停止激素治疗的理由,因为激素治疗是基于与肌腱无关的充分理由而处方的。其真正含义在于,不应期望激素治疗能保护您的肌腱,且在开始激素治疗后新出现的肩部或肘部疼痛值得进行评估,而非假定其必然与激素治疗无关。

围手术期情况出现分化

围手术期文献确实存在矛盾,且这种矛盾具有信息价值:医学并发症与假体并发症的变化方向相反。

在医学方面,雌激素替代疗法似乎具有保护作用。在一项纳入 2,554,672 名接受全关节置换术患者的队列研究中,雌激素替代疗法与静脉血栓栓塞症 减少 及主要医学并发症减少相关 [11]。在 21,220 名接受全髋关节置换术的女性中,术前激素治疗与十年内假体周围骨折减少相关,且血栓栓塞症发生率未增加 [12]。

在假体方面,变化方向相反。在一项针对 3,558 名接受全肩关节置换术患者的倾向性匹配系列研究中(这是此处最相关的上肢手术),雌激素替代疗法与长期翻修手术及机械并发症 增加 相关 [13]。另一项系列研究发现,接受围手术期雌激素替代疗法的患者翻修率和假体周围关节感染率更高 [14]。

系统综述得出的实际结论比上述任一极端更为谨慎:不应在择期关节置换术前停用不含雌激素的经皮制剂,而关于是否应停用含雌激素制剂的理由,目前无论支持还是反对均未得到证实 [15]。如果您正在接受激素治疗且计划手术,这是一个需要与您的外科医生和处方医生共同做出的决定,而非单方面决定。

已知确实有效的措施

最具实用价值的证据往往是最不引人注目的。在一项针对患有拇指基底关节炎的绝经后女性的随机对照试验中,在力量训练方案中加入本体感觉神经肌肉促进法(一种训练协调性而非单纯力量的引导性运动模式),在疼痛、功能障碍、活动度和握力方面均优于单纯的力量训练 [16]。

总体而言,证据呈现这一形态。有针对性且有人监督的运动训练确实有其价值。激素学解释更擅长阐明组织为何发生改变,而非指导我们在组织改变后应采取何种措施。

参考文献

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