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绝经期的肌肉骨骼综合征

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How the menopausal transition and oestrogen withdrawal drive joint, tendon and muscle symptoms — arthralgia, tendinopathy, frozen shoulder, greater trochanteric pain and myalgia — and the evidence on hormone therapy.

一名女性正在伸展身体。
绝经期间雌激素水平下降导致了一组公认的关节、肌腱和骨骼问题。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您正在感受的症状

您很可能正在经历关节疼痛,即关节痛,超过一半的女性在围绝经期会出现这种情况。随着身体过渡到绝经期,这种疼痛往往会加剧。雌激素水平的下降是导致这一变化的主要驱动因素。您可能会注意到肌肉感觉更加僵硬。雌激素与肌肉僵硬呈负相关关系,这意味着雌激素水平较低通常会导致肌肉更紧、灵活性降低。

疼痛可能出现在多个部位。与同龄男性相比,绝经后女性更常见腰痛。这与性激素水平降低引起的生理变化有关。您可能还会感到肩部疼痛。在此期间,无症状性肩袖撕裂的风险增加。这些撕裂可能在影响您的活动之前不会引起明显感觉。

日常活动可能变得困难。将手伸到背后扣内衣可能会感觉别扭。塞衬衫可能会引起肩部或背部不适。您可能会发现更难抬起物体或侧卧睡觉。您的医生知道这些变化是真实且常见的。它们并非仅仅是心理作用。

您的症状可能在夜间或活动后加重。醒来时感到僵硬也很常见。虽然激素水平在您的周期中会波动,但这些变化对膝关节松弛度没有显著影响。然而,它们会影响肌肉和肌腱的僵硬感。这种变异性可能导致某些日子感觉更好。

重要的是要知道,您并不孤单。绝经后女性肌肉减少症(即肌肉流失)的患病率为31%。这种流失会导致您感受到的疼痛和僵硬。虽然某些治疗方法显示出前景,但关于激素疗法预防关节置换的证据有限。您的医生将专注于管理您的具体症状并提高您的生活质量。

实际发生了什么

在围绝经期,您的身体经历显著的激素变化,使您特别容易出现肌肉骨骼疼痛。超过一半的女性在此期间经历关节疼痛,即关节痛。这种不适感通常随着更年期的过渡而加剧。主要驱动因素是雌激素水平的降低。这种下降不仅影响您的关节,还影响您的肌肉和骨骼。

您的关节依靠光滑的软骨在骨端之间充当减震器。较低的雌激素水平与膝骨关节炎(磨损性关节炎)的发展有关。在某些情况下,这与骨质疏松性骨关节炎相结合,其中软骨下方的骨密度因高重塑而降低。这种结构变化可能导致僵硬和疼痛。与同龄男性相比,绝经后女性出现腰痛的几率也更高,这同样是由性激素的这些生理变化驱动的。

您的肌肉和肌腱也会受到影响。肌肉僵硬与雌激素呈负相关,意味着较低的水平会导致组织更紧、更缺乏弹性。事实上,雌激素与肌肉特性密切相关。这种激素变化可能导致肌肉减少症,即肌肉质量的丧失。在一项针对绝经后女性的研究中,肌肉减少症的患病率为 31%。此外,您肩部的肌腱(如冈上肌腱)含有雌激素和孕激素的受体。当这些激素水平下降时,肌腱纤维可能会减弱。这增加了无症状全层肩袖撕裂的风险,即肌腱纤维完全分离。这些撕裂在绝经后时期更为普遍,并与代谢性疾病有关。

您的肩关节周围有一层关节囊,这是一种将关节固定在一起的套筒状组织。较低的雌激素水平也可能增加您患粘连性关节囊炎(冻结肩)的几率,此时该关节囊变得增厚且紧绷。虽然激素替代疗法可能对这些状况提供一定的保护作用,但证据各不相同。最终,您感受到的疼痛和僵硬是您身体不断变化的激素环境直接影响支持您运动的组织所导致的直接结果。

我们能做些什么

肌肉骨骼疼痛在围绝经期过渡阶段尤为普遍。关节痛影响绝经前后超过一半的女性。这种上升与雌激素水平降低有关。您可以从自我护理和物理治疗开始。温和的运动有助于维持活动能力和力量。对于拇指关节疼痛,将本体感觉神经肌肉促进练习与力量训练相结合,比单独进行力量训练效果更好。这种方法可以减少残疾并改善运动功能。如果您患有大转子疼痛综合征且体重指数低于 25,将激素治疗与任何运动和教育活动相结合,优于安慰剂。给这些保守措施一些时间发挥作用。坚持是看到日常舒适度改善结果的关键。

医疗选择包括止痛药和抗炎药。激素治疗是另一种途径,但存在利弊。雌激素和选择性雌激素受体调节剂可能有助于患有早期磨损性关节炎或骨质疏松性关节炎的绝经后患者。然而,长期使用全身性绝经激素治疗,特别是单纯雌激素治疗,与慢性腰痛风险增加有关。无对抗雌激素对膝关节影像学磨损性关节炎的发生率显示出保护趋势。然而,关于无对抗雌激素使用对髋关节或关节置换发生率具有保护作用的证据有限。雌二醇补充剂可能导致肩袖修复术后有更好的结果,尽管疼痛和功能评分的差异未达到最小临床重要差异阈值。与您的医生讨论这些益处和风险,以找到适合您的平衡点。

如果尽管采取了这些步骤,症状仍然严重,请寻求专科医生的意见。您的医生可能会建议您进行更深入的评估。影像学检查可以排查无症状的全层肩袖撕裂等问题,这在绝经后时期更为常见。对于某些特定情况,如果保守治疗失败,偶尔会考虑手术干预。这一决定取决于您的个人健康状况和疼痛严重程度。您的医生将根据对您的身体和生活方式最有效的方法,指导您进行下一步。

预期情况

在围绝经期过渡期间,肌肉骨骼疼痛很常见。超过一半的女性在绝经前后会出现关节疼痛(关节痛)。随着雌激素水平下降,这一比例会进一步增加。您可能注意到,绝经后妇女的下腰痛患病率高于同龄男性。这与绝经后性激素水平降低有关。

您的预后取决于您如何应对这些变化。对于某些情况,如早期退行性关节炎,雌激素或特定的雌激素调节药物可能较为有利。如果您骨密度降低,这些治疗可能会有所帮助。然而,长期使用全身性激素治疗,尤其是单纯雌激素治疗,与慢性下腰痛风险增加有关。目前证据有限,表明单独使用雌激素并不能减少髋关节或关节置换术的需求。但影像学显示其对膝关节炎有一定的保护作用。

如果您患有肩袖撕裂,这种情况在绝经后更为常见,并与代谢性疾病有关。补充雌二醇可能有助于改善肩袖修复后的预后,尽管疼痛评分的差异可能对您来说并不显著。对于拇指关节炎,将特定的拉伸练习与力量训练相结合,比单独进行力量训练更有效。这可以减少残疾并改善活动能力。

如果您患有大转子疼痛综合征且体重正常(BMI <25),将激素治疗与运动和宣教相结合,效果优于安慰剂。如果不进行治疗,肌肉减少症(肌肉流失)等症状会影响31%的社区居住的绝经后妇女。这可能会影响您的身体活动能力。

总体而言,您的医生会根据您的具体症状制定个性化方案。某些疼痛可以通过针对性治疗得到缓解。其他症状,如因长期使用激素引起的慢性下腰痛,可能会持续存在。请如实告知您的疼痛程度。合理的期望有助于您顺利度过这一过渡期。您的身体正在发生变化,但您有多种选择可以保持活跃和舒适。

何时就医

围绝经期是女性特别容易发展为肌肉骨骼疼痛的阶段。在绝经前后,超过一半的女性会经历关节痛。关节痛的患病率在绝经过渡期似乎有所增加。与同龄男性相比,绝经后女性中腰痛的患病率更高。如果您有持续不缓解的疼痛、无力或不稳定、关节交锁或打软腿、影响睡眠或工作的症状,或症状突然加重,请咨询您的全科医生。长期使用全身性绝经激素治疗与慢性腰痛风险增加相关。在行肩袖修复术的绝经后女性中,雌二醇补充治疗与更好的预后相关。


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