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掌骨骨折(包括拳击手骨折)

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A broken hand bone in the palm — including the common boxer's fracture — how it is treated, the rotation check that matters most, and recovery.

一名拳击手用紧握的拳头击打速度球。
掌骨骨折——包括常见的小指掌指关节“拳击手骨折”——通常由拳击或直接打击手部引起。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

掌骨骨折是手部长骨之一的断裂:这些骨骼连接手腕与手指,也就是您可以摸到的指关节。最常见的一种发生在出拳之后,涉及小指指关节后方的骨骼。这种情况非常常见,因此有一个别名:拳击手骨折

通常会有一个明显的受伤时刻:例如向坚硬物体出拳、手部着地摔倒,或遭受挤压或扭伤。受伤后,手背立即出现疼痛、肿胀和瘀斑,与另一侧相比,指关节可能看起来变平或“凹陷”。握拳时会感到疼痛,握力减弱。有些人尝试将手弯曲成拳头时,会发现某一根手指似乎交叉或指向其相邻的手指;这种扭转很重要,也是我们要检查的主要方面之一。

实际情况

您有五块掌骨,每块分别延伸至一根手指和拇指。骨折可发生于颈部(位于掌指关节后方,即典型的拳击手骨折部位)、骨干(骨的中间部分)或基底(靠近腕部)。骨折后,骨折断端可能出现成角、缩短或旋转。

一定程度的成角通常是可接受的,因为手部具有一定的代偿能力,尤其是环指和小指的掌骨能够耐受较大的弯曲而不会引起明显问题,因为这些掌指关节本身活动度较大。然而,手部对旋转(我们称之为旋转畸形)的耐受性较差。即使骨折处存在轻微的旋转,在握拳时也会导致手指交叉越过相邻手指,使手指无法整齐排列。因此,握拳时手的外观比单纯的X线成角角度更能反映问题。

我们能做什么

好消息是,大多数掌骨骨折无需手术即可良好愈合。

对于大多数患者(包括大多数拳击手骨折),治疗方案很简单:固定支持与早期活动。根据骨折的具体情况,我们可能会使用轻便夹板、石膏,或仅将受伤手指与相邻手指进行简单捆绑固定,随后鼓励您尽早开始轻柔地活动手部。早期活动是刻意为之的:这有助于防止手部僵硬,且研究表明,对于典型的拳击手骨折,简单的捆绑固定配合早期活动的效果与更重的石膏固定相当。

手术仅保留用于那些单独保守治疗预后不佳的骨折。手术的主要指征包括:手指旋转(扭曲)、骨骼严重成角或缩短、多根掌骨同时骨折、骨折累及关节面,或骨折处伴有开放性伤口。当我们进行手术固定时,可选方案包括经皮穿入的小钢针(克氏针),或通过切口植入的小钢板和螺钉。许多此类手术可在患者清醒状态下进行,通过局部麻醉使手部麻木,同时您保持清醒和舒适,这使我们能够在手术台上让您活动手指,并在手术结束前确认旋转畸形已得到矫正。

预期情况

大多数掌骨骨折在四至六周内愈合,此后不久手部即可恢复大部分正常活动。即使骨骼愈合时存在轻微成角,掌指关节可能看起来不如以前突出,但手部功能通常完全正常。

无论是否接受手术治疗,保护治疗效果的关键在于术后的手部活动:在必要时由手治疗师指导进行轻柔、早期的活动。我们需要关注的并发症包括僵硬(最常见)、残留的旋转或成角畸形(畸形愈合),以及偶尔出现的完全伸直手指的轻微滞后。僵硬通过早期活动来预防远比后期治疗容易,这就是为什么我们建议您尽早开始活动的原因。

何时就医

  • 任何畸形,或握拳时手指交叉覆盖邻近手指:这种扭转需尽快评估,因为它是矫正或固定骨骼的关键指征。
  • 指关节上方皮肤出现伤口或破损,尤其是击打他人口腔后:牙齿可能引入严重感染,需紧急医疗处理。
  • 剧烈疼痛、明显肿胀、麻木,或手指颜色苍白或发绀:应立即就诊。
  • 受伤后数周内手部僵硬而非逐渐灵活:早期手部治疗可显著改善预后。

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