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肩关节镜

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What shoulder arthroscopy is, what it's used for, and how to prepare and recover.

Updated May 2026
从后方视角展示的肩部示意图,带有两个小钥匙孔切口敷料。
肩关节稳定手术期间肩关节内的关节镜视图。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

建议进行此手术的原因

肩关节镜手术是一种微创手术,外科医生会在关节内通过两到三个小切口和一台微型摄像头进行操作。该手术通常用于低风险地治疗肩部问题。您的外科医生可能建议您进行此手术,因为休息或理疗等非手术治疗方法未能给您带来足够的改善。其目标是恢复肩关节的稳定性和功能。

此手术通常推荐给40岁及以上的活跃患者,包括那些曾接受过肩部修复手术的患者。对于60岁或以上的患者,该手术也被认为是安全的。虽然并发症罕见,但总体30天并发症发生率为1.0%,老年患者为1.6%。最常见的问题是再次手术,占所有并发症的29%。尽管存在这些风险,该手术通常能提供有利的长期结果,且需要进一步手术或发生退行性关节炎的几率较低。

手术前

请在手术前禁食六小时。仅在您的外科医生给出具体指示后,才停止服用抗凝药物。安排一位负责任的成年人开车送您回家,并在当晚陪伴您。请携带所有当前服用的药物和补充剂的完整清单。您可能需要在手术前进行X光检查、MRI(磁共振成像)或血液检查。这些检查有助于您的外科医生安全地规划手术。您的外科医生将使用两个或三个小切口以及关节内的小型摄像头进行关节镜手术。就诊时请穿着宽松、舒适的衣物。这种方法可以实现精确修复,同时将组织损伤降至最低。

手术当天

您将抵达医院办理入院。在前往手术室之前,您的主刀医生将与您回顾手术方案。该手术在全身麻醉联合区域神经阻滞下进行。手术过程中您将完全入睡,而神经阻滞(在苏醒前注射以阻断支配手臂的神经)可在术后最初 12 至 24 小时内提供镇痛效果。麻醉医生将在术前与您会面,并向您详细解释这两个部分。

您的主刀医生采用关节镜(微创)入路进行手术,通过两个或三个小切口将小型摄像头置入关节内。这种方法安全性高,并发症发生率极低。您将在恢复室苏醒,此时神经阻滞引起的麻木感仍在持续。大多数患者在肩关节手术后会出现轻度的活动范围受限,这不需要积极的干预措施。您可以预期恢复初期较为平稳,使用非阿片类镇痛方案即可达到相当的镇痛效果和满意度。

手术过程

您的外科医生将通过关节镜手术进行此操作。这意味着他们会在肩部做出两到三处小切口,每个切口长约 1 厘米。通过这些微小的切口,您的外科医生会插入一个小摄像头和专用器械。摄像头将清晰的图像传输到屏幕上,使您的外科医生无需进行大切口即可观察关节内部情况。

在肩部内部,您的外科医生会处理导致您疼痛或不稳定的具体问题。例如,如果您接受的是稳定手术,您的外科医生可能会修复撕裂的软组织(盂唇),以维持肩关节的完整。如果您有肩袖肌腱撕裂,您的外科医生会使用小型锚钉将磨损的肌腱重新固定到骨头上。这些锚钉是用于固定修复部位的小型装置。您的外科医生还可能移除摩擦其他结构的受损组织或骨刺。

修复完成后,您的外科医生会缝合小切口。他们通常使用可自行吸收的缝线(缝合线),或使用可在随访期间由您的外科医生拆除的可拆除缝线。切口处会覆盖无菌敷料,以在愈合过程中提供保护。

这种方法通常被认为是安全的。文献指出,肩关节镜手术的整体 30 天并发症发生率为 1.0%。对于 60 岁或以上的患者,术后 30 天并发症发生率为 1.6%。虽然并发症罕见,但您的外科医生会密切监测您,以确保顺利康复。

术后

您将在复苏室醒来,由护士监护。您的外科医生将制定镇痛方案,在可能的情况下避免使用强效阿片类药物。您将携带吊带、敷料,可能还有支具回家。大多数患者在此手术后需住院一晚,但部分患者可于当天出院。本手术采用关节镜(钥匙孔)入路,通过两个或三个小切口,并将小型摄像头置入关节内。术后24小时内必须有人陪同您。任何肩部手术后至少六周内不得驾驶,无论手术哪一侧手臂。使用吊带者严禁驾驶。详见上肢手术后驾驶

恢复

您的肩部会有两到三个小切口,内部会置入微型摄像头。这种微创(钥匙孔)手术方法有助于您的外科医生在最小化肌肉损伤的情况下观察并修复问题。在最初几天,您可能会经历一些疼痛和肿胀。这是正常现象。您的外科医生会指导您如何使用冰敷和药物来缓解不适。

在肩部愈合期间,您需要佩戴悬吊带以保护肩部。佩戴悬吊带期间严禁驾驶。对于这位外科医生而言,无论哪一侧手臂接受了手术,您在肩部手术后至少六周内不得驾驶。只有在外外科医生许可后(通常在六周复查时)方可恢复驾驶。有关更多详细信息,请参阅上肢手术后的驾驶

您的恢复过程包括每日进行物理治疗练习,以恢复活动度和力量。您将从轻柔的动作开始,并随着疼痛允许的情况逐渐增加活动量。轻度僵硬很常见,不需要激进干预。您的物理治疗师将教您在家中安全睡眠及执行日常任务的方法。在您的外科医生另有指示之前,请避免提重物或举手过顶。

恢复情况因人而异。您的恢复时间表可能有所不同;您的外科医生和物理治疗师将根据您的进展和愈合情况为您提供指导。

可能发生的问题

大多数患者恢复良好,但偶尔也会出现并发症。您的外科医生和医疗团队会密切监测您,以便尽早发现任何问题。

感染是一种罕见风险。您可能会注意到小切口周围出现加重的红肿、发热或肿胀。该区域可能会感到压痛或搏动性疼痛超出预期。您可能还会发烧或发冷。如果出现这些迹象,请立即联系您的外科医生办公室。他们将判断您是否需要紧急就诊。

冻结肩(粘连性关节囊炎)是另一种可能出现的问题。这种情况会使您的肩膀感觉僵硬和紧绷。您可能会发现难以抬起手臂或把手伸到背后。疼痛可能深沉且呈酸痛感,尤其在夜间。如果您感觉这种僵硬感复发,请在下次复查时告知医生。早期的活动锻炼有助于防止其加重。

有时,肩膀可能会再次变得不稳定。如果您曾接受过针对肩关节脱位进行稳定的手术,这种情况更为常见。您可能会感到咔哒声、摩擦感或滑动感。关节可能会感觉要脱位。如果发生这种情况,请停止过度使用该手臂并联系您的外科医生。他们可以检查修复是否牢固。

极少数情况下,关节内的软骨可能会迅速退化。这被称为软骨溶解症。它可能导致突然的剧烈疼痛和活动丧失。肩膀可能会感觉僵硬和无力。由于这种并发症可能在常规手术后迅速发生,请立即向您的外科医生报告任何尖锐的、无法解释的疼痛或突然的活动丧失。

如果您以前做过颈部手术,您出现并发症的风险会更高。您可能会经历更多的疼痛,或者需要更长时间使用更强效的止痛药。您可能还需要比预期更早地进行第二次手术。请务必告知您的外科医生任何既往颈部手术史,以便他们仔细规划您的治疗。

本页的并发症表格列出了典型的发生率,如果您想了解具体数据,可参考该表格。

何时联系我们

如果您出现发热、伤口红肿加重或渗出,请立即联系我们。如出现突发剧烈疼痛、小腿肿胀或呼吸困难,请前往急诊。如出现感觉丧失或肢体无法活动,请立即寻求紧急帮助。这些症状需要紧急评估,以确保您的康复进程不受影响。


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