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骨关节炎

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The commonest arthritis — cartilage wear in the thumb base, fingers, wrist and shoulder — its symptoms, management ladder and outlook.

一只患有骨关节炎、指关节结节状肿胀的手。
骨关节炎常表现为指关节处坚硬的骨性肿胀——指尖为赫伯登结节,中间关节为布夏尔结节。 Drahreg01 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您正在感受到的症状

骨关节炎通常缓慢发展。关节开始疼痛,最常见于活动后以及一天结束时,休息时疼痛会缓解。许多人会注意到早晨起床时出现短暂的僵硬,通常在约半小时内缓解,或在久坐不动后出现僵硬。

在上肢,它倾向于发生在几个常见部位:拇指根部(与手腕连接处)、靠近指甲的指端关节、手指中间关节、手腕、肩部顶部的小关节(肩锁关节),以及肩关节或肘关节本身。您可能会感觉到关节活动时出现摩擦感或弹响,看到手指关节周围出现骨性结节状肿胀,并发现关节的弯曲或伸直幅度不如以前。抓握力可能减弱,精细任务(如拧钥匙、开罐子、扣纽扣)变得更加困难。偶尔,关节可能会出现急性发作,在数天或数周内疼痛加剧、肿胀和发热,然后再次缓解。

实际发生了什么

在健康的关节中,骨端覆盖着一层软骨,这是一种光滑、润滑的层,使骨端能够几乎无摩擦地相互滑动。在骨关节炎中,该软骨逐渐变薄并变得粗糙,因此滑动功能丧失,运动变得僵硬且疼痛。

其下方的骨骼随后会对额外负荷产生反应。骨骼可能增厚,且身体会在关节边缘沉积小的骨赘(骨刺);这些就是您可以在指关节周围触摸到的结节状肿块(通常称为末端关节的赫伯登结节和中间关节的布夏尔结节)。关节滑膜可能会间歇性发炎,这就是急性发作时的感觉。

了解骨关节炎并非仅仅是关节因使用而“磨损”是有帮助的。最好将其理解为关节自身的修复过程未能完全跟上,并且它是由一系列您无法改变的因素共同驱动的:年龄增长、您的基因和家族史、以及旧伤(多年前发生的骨折或脱位也算在内),以及关节承受的负荷量。保持活动不会磨损关节;事实上,运动有助于保持关节健康。

我们能做什么

大多数骨关节炎患者无需手术即可得到良好管理。目标是保持关节活动、缓解疼痛并保护功能,治疗选择有明确的阶梯式方案。

保持活动并增强力量。 温和、规律的活动以及增强关节周围肌肉力量的锻炼是最有效的治疗方法之一。手部治疗师或物理治疗师可以为您制定个性化方案,并指导您如何保持关节活动范围。

保护与节奏控制。 细微的改变能带来显著效果:将较重的任务分散到全天进行,使用双手或更大的握持工具,使用带衬垫的手柄和开罐器,以及使用夹板(特别是拇指基底夹板)来休息和支持疼痛的关节。如果体重对关节造成负荷,适当减重可以减轻压力。

简单的止痛。 对乙酰氨基酚,尤其是涂抹在关节上的抗炎凝胶或药膏,通常有帮助;必要时可短期使用抗炎片剂。您的医生会结合您的其他健康状况权衡这些选择。

注射。 对问题关节进行皮质类固醇注射可以平息急性发作,争取数月的缓解期,这对于应对严重疼痛期非常有用。

手术仅保留用于那些尽管采取了上述所有措施,仍然疼痛且功能受限的严重关节。根据关节情况,这可能意味着关节置换或关节融合(将其固定以消除疼痛)。在时机成熟时,这些手术效果良好,但它们是最后的手段,而非首选。

预期情况

骨关节炎是一种可管理的疾病,而非持续恶化的过程。对于大多数人而言,该病在良好时期与偶尔发作之间交替出现,日常状况可在数年内保持稳定。许多人借助运动、偶尔使用支具以及简单的止痛治疗,仍能继续从事他们喜爱的活动。

指关节周围的骨性结节一旦形成,往往具有永久性,但由此引起的疼痛通常会随时间推移而减轻,尽管结节状外观依然存在。当单个关节(常见于拇指基底或肩部肩锁关节)成为主要痛点时,针对性的治疗,如注射或最终的手术,可以专门解决该关节的问题。总体信息是令人安心的:这是一种我们可以帮助您良好应对的疾病。

何时就医

  • 限制日常活动的关节疼痛,或无法通过简单措施缓解的疼痛:值得进行评估并制定相应方案。
  • 单个关节在短时间内迅速变得发热、发红且严重肿胀:骨关节炎急性发作可能呈现此症状,但感染或痛风也可能如此,因此迅速发炎的关节应尽快检查。
  • 手部或手指出现无力、麻木或针刺感,或疼痛导致夜间醒来。
  • 关节出现交锁、失稳或突然丧失活动能力。
  • 当某一关节(常为拇指基底关节)的骨关节炎是主要限制因素时,以便我们针对该特定关节评估支具固定、注射或手术等选项。

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