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炎症性与类风湿性关节炎

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Rheumatoid, psoriatic and gouty arthritis affecting the hand, wrist and upper limb — what they are, how they are managed, and when surgery helps.

一只手指关节肿胀的手。
炎症性关节炎攻击关节内膜,导致肿胀、僵硬,若未经治疗,还会造成关节损伤。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能会注意到关节出现疼痛和肿胀,通常发生在手部、手腕或足部。这种不适感可能表现为深部的酸痛或尖锐的刺痛。疼痛可能在某一部位持续数月或数年,而您却未意识到原因。您可能会发现某些动作变得困难。将手伸到背后扣内衣搭扣时可能会感到僵硬。将衬衫塞进裤子里时可能会牵拉身体两侧。提起物体时可能会感觉比平时更重。

疼痛通常在一天中发生变化。早晨刚醒来时疼痛可能会加重。您的关节可能会感到僵硬且难以活动。这种僵硬感通常在您白天活动增多后会有所改善。然而,过度用力可能会导致疼痛在稍后再次发作。您可能还会在夜间感到疼痛,这会干扰您的睡眠。在患侧侧卧会对发炎的关节施加额外压力,使得难以找到舒适的姿势。

在某些情况下,您可能会经历脚踝周围的肿胀。这会导致间歇性症状,时好时坏。您可能不会立即注意到它,因为疼痛并非持续存在。在您将此与整体健康状况联系起来之前,它可能会持续很长时间。您的医生会寻找这些迹象,以了解该状况如何影响您。

患有炎症性关节炎意味着要管理这些起伏。您可能会遇到感觉正常的良好日子,随后是连简单任务都感到困难的日子。了解这些模式有助于您的护理团队更好地支持您。他们可以调整您的治疗方案,以帮助减轻疼痛并改善您的日常功能。您并不孤单。许多类风湿关节炎患者面临类似的挑战。通过适当的护理,您可以找到管理症状并保持活动的方法。

实际发生了什么

您的免疫系统是一个防御网络,通常用于抵御病菌。在类风湿关节炎中,免疫系统错误地攻击您自身的关节。它将关节的光滑内衬视为入侵者。这会导致内衬肿胀并发生炎症。肿胀会产生压力和疼痛。随着时间的推移,这种炎症会损害关节内的软骨和骨骼。

软骨是覆盖在骨骼末端的平滑涂层。它就像汽车的减震器。它使您的骨骼能够无摩擦地相互滑动。炎症会侵蚀这层保护性结构。失去这层保护后,骨骼会直接相互摩擦。这会导致僵硬、研磨感和剧烈疼痛。关节囊(包裹关节的袖状结构)也会增厚。这进一步限制了您的活动能力,使日常任务变得更加困难。

这一过程与磨损性关节炎不同。在磨损性关节炎中,损伤源于年龄和使用。在类风湿关节炎中,损伤源于活跃的体内攻击。这就是为什么您的医生会仔细评估您的整体健康状况。与单纯磨损性关节炎患者相比,类风湿关节炎患者在术后面临更高的并发症风险。炎症可能影响愈合过程,并增加需要翻修手术的可能性。

您的医生会全面评估情况。他们考虑疾病对骨骼和软组织的影响。他们还会查看您的其他健康状况。例如,类风湿关节炎可能导致骨质减弱,进而引发骨质疏松症。这会使骨骼结构变得不稳定。您的治疗方案旨在同时解决关节损伤和潜在的免疫反应。目标是安全地停止攻击、缓解疼痛并恢复功能。

我们能做什么

从自我护理和运动开始。温和的运动和物理治疗有助于保持关节的灵活性和力量。这一常规旨在减轻僵硬并维持您的日常功能。请给这些方法几周的时间进行充分尝试。一致性比强度更重要。倾听您身体的声音,并调整活动以避免疼痛。

医疗管理侧重于控制炎症和保护骨骼。您的医生可能会开具止痛药和抗炎药以缓解不适。对于类风湿关节炎和骨质疏松症患者,地舒单抗有助于维持骨骼健康并防止关节损伤。如果您正在使用生物制剂改善病情抗风湿药,在择期手部手术前后继续服用这些药物并不会显著增加伤口愈合失败或手术部位感染的风险。您的医生将提供基于网络的治疗选项信息,以帮助您在咨询期间做出明智的决定。

如果经过上述步骤后症状仍然严重,请寻求专科医生的意见。医生可能会建议您进行进一步评估。在某些情况下,可能会考虑进行手术以恢复功能。例如,全髋关节置换术可以减轻疼痛并改善结果,其效果与骨关节炎患者相似。全膝关节置换术也能在医生报告的结果和患者报告的结果方面带来显著改善。然而,请注意,类风湿关节炎对手术结果的影响可能因关节而异。与非类风湿病例相比,类风湿关节炎患者的全肘关节置换术具有更高的长期翻修率。全肩关节置换术与炎症性关节炎患者更高的全身性和关节相关并发症发生率相关。与其他类型的关节炎相比,全踝关节置换术可能导致较差的患者报告结果,尽管仍预期从基线水平获得功能改善。您的医生将权衡这些风险和益处,以确定针对您特定病情的最佳治疗方案。

预期情况

您的预后很大程度上取决于受累的关节类型以及您所患的关节炎类型。总体而言,炎症性关节炎比磨损性关节炎(骨关节炎)的临床表现更为复杂。如果您接受关节置换手术,医生将对您的整体健康状况进行仔细管理。这是因为炎症性关节炎与肩关节手术后 90 天内全身性并发症风险增加有关。与原发性磨损性关节炎患者相比,您可能还面临更高的关节相关问题风险。

尽管存在这些额外风险,许多患者仍能看到显著的益处。如果您接受全膝关节置换术,您可以预期疼痛水平和日常功能均会有实质性改善。医生在评估中很可能也会报告类似的积极变化。全髋关节置换术也能取得良好的效果。大多数炎症性关节炎患者的疼痛减轻和活动能力改善程度与磨损性关节炎患者的结果相当。即使在接受踝关节置换术后,您也应看到从基线开始的机能改善,尽管您的最终评分可能略低于其他关节炎类型患者。

长期结果因关节而异。肘关节置换术在初期往往效果良好,但您可能比非炎症性关节炎患者更频繁地需要翻修手术。腕关节置换术可为许多患者提供良好的对位和舒适度,尽管某些植入物在长期内可能会最终失效。即使继续服用生物制剂,手部手术通常也是安全的,伤口愈合问题没有显著增加。

如果您不寻求手术治疗,病情往往会持续并进展。关节损伤通常会继续,骨健康状况可能会下降,尤其是如果您同时患有骨质疏松症。如果不进行治疗,您可能会经历持续的疼痛和功能减退。手术管理为恢复活动和减轻疼痛提供了明确途径,但需要仔细规划以应对您的病情带来的独特风险。您的医生将根据这些具体挑战量身定制您的护理方案,帮助您实现尽可能最佳的生活质量。

何时就医

若休息后疼痛仍持续不缓解,请咨询您的全科医生。若发现关节出现无力或不稳,请要求专科医生进行评估。若关节在使用时出现交锁或打软腿,请及时就医。若症状干扰您的睡眠或工作,请联系您的医生。病情突然加重也是就医指征。需注意,踝部等部位的慢性炎症可能导致间歇性症状,这些症状可能被忽视数月甚至数年。早期评估有助于有效管理这些变化。

更深入的了解

本节将提供更详细、适合学生水平的解释。虽然管理该病症并不需要了解这些内容,但如果您好奇它为何会损害关节以及现代药物如何针对其发挥作用,请继续阅读。

对关节滑膜的自身免疫性攻击

与骨关节炎(软骨的机械性磨损)不同,类风湿及相关炎症性关节炎是一种自身免疫性疾病:免疫系统错误地攻击自身的滑膜,即关节的薄层内衬。滑膜发生炎症并增厚,形成一种具有侵袭性的组织,称为血管翳,它会蔓延并消化软骨和骨骼。

细胞因子信使——以及“生物制剂”为何有效

发炎的滑膜释放大量化学信使(细胞因子),尤其是 TNFIL-6,它们驱动炎症、疼痛和肿胀。这是现代治疗的关键:生物制剂药物旨在阻断这些特定的信使(抗 TNF、抗 IL-6)或产生这些信使的免疫细胞,它们是关闭驱动疾病特定信号的精准工具。

RANKL与骨侵蚀

炎症还会上调RANKL,这是激活破骨细胞(导致骨溶解的关键开关)(参见骨愈合与重塑机制)。在RANKL的驱动下,破骨细胞会侵蚀关节边缘的骨质,从而在X线片上产生典型的骨侵蚀表现。由于这种骨质丢失大多不可逆,因此,在骨侵蚀形成之前尽早控制炎症,是治疗中最重要的目标。

一种全身性疾病

由于该问题源于全身性激活的免疫系统,炎症性关节炎不仅仅是关节疾病:它可能导致疲劳,并影响眼睛、肺、血管和心脏。因此,它被作为全身性疾病进行管理,而不仅仅是关节问题。


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