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了解您的影像检查(X 光、超声、MRI、CT)

What X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and CT each show, and why your surgeon chooses one over another.

医生在显示屏上向患者讲解手部X光片。
不同的扫描显示不同的内容——您的外科医生会根据问题选择正确的扫描,并向您解释其显示的内容。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

当您的外科医生开具检查单时,各种缩写可能会让您感到困惑:X 线、超声、MRI、CT。每一种检查都是不同的工具,显示不同的内容,有点像照片、视频和 3D 模型之间的区别。它们中没有任何一种是绝对“更好”的;正确的选择完全取决于我们需要观察什么。了解每种检查的擅长之处,可以消除您收到的指示中的许多神秘感,并帮助您理解为什么我们有时需要申请多项检查。

为什么需要不同的扫描?每种扫描看到的结构各不相同

最需要理解的一点是,每种扫描方式都适用于特定类型的组织。骨骼、肌腱、韧带、软骨和神经在影像上的表现各不相同,没有任何一种扫描能完美地显示所有这些结构。X 光对骨骼成像极佳,但对肌腱几乎“视而不见”;超声能清晰地显示肌腱,却无法看清关节深部。因此,当我们选择扫描方式时,实际上是在提出一个问题:问题出在骨骼、软组织,还是两者兼有? 答案决定了我们使用的工具。

这也是为什么您可能先接受一种扫描,随后又被安排进行另一种扫描。这通常并不意味着第一次扫描出了问题,而是意味着我们已经缩小了问题的范围,现在需要另一种类型的影像来回答这个问题。

X 线——骨骼的影像

X射线机——管臂位于检查台上方。
X射线机:位于检查台上方的X射线管向身体发射一束短暂的射线,穿过身体后到达其下方的探测器。 Nahid.rajbd / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0
肩部X光片——骨骼在暗色背景下呈现明亮的白色。
一个X光片示例——此处为肩部。致密骨骼显示为亮白色;软组织几乎无法显影。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

X 线检查是最快捷且最为人熟知的扫描方式,对于大多数骨骼问题而言,它仍是首选检查。它通过该区域发射少量辐射,致密的骨骼会清晰地显示为白色,这使其在发现骨折(断骨)、关节炎、骨骼对位及脱位方面表现出色。它速度快、成本低且普及率高,辐射剂量很小。

其实际工作原理。 X 线产生于您身体一侧的一个小管内:电流使热灯丝上的电子沸腾并喷射至金属靶上,当电子猛烈撞击并停止时,其能量以 X 线的形式释放出来。X 线是一种极高能量的“光”,与普通光不同,它能直接穿透软组织。(它们与伽马射线同属辐射家族,但是由这些电子产生,而非源自原子核内部。)当射线束穿过您的身体时,致密的骨骼比软组织或空气吸收更多的射线。远端的平面探测器记录每个点透过的射线量:大量 X 线到达探测器的地方图像呈黑色,到达较少的地方(骨骼后方)呈白色,这张阴影图即为影像。

其局限性正是其优势的另一方面:X 线能清晰显示骨骼,但软组织(肌腱、韧带和软骨)仅显示为模糊的灰色阴影。因此,正常的 X 线片不能排除软组织损伤;它只是表明骨骼看起来完整无损,而这往往正是我们首先需要得到的安心保证。

超声——浅表软组织实时影像

超声设备——手持式探头和带屏幕的带轮控制台。
超声设备:手持式探头发射并接收声波,在屏幕上实时构建图像。 Erereony / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0
肩部肌腱的灰度超声图像——颗粒状、纤维状的外观。
一个超声示例——颗粒状的灰度视图,此处为肩关节肌腱。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

超声使用高频声波而非辐射,因此完全没有剂量问题。将一个小探头配合少量凝胶在皮肤表面移动,它尤其擅长显示位置较浅的软组织:肌腱、腱鞘囊肿、液体积聚以及炎症。

其实际工作原理。 探头内含晶体,当施加微小电脉冲时(压电效应),这些晶体会振动,向体内发射人耳无法听到的高频声波脉冲。每当脉冲穿过两种不同组织之间的界面时,其中一部分会反射回来。随后探头切换至“接收”模式并检测这些回声。机器测量每个回声返回所需的时间(从而确定该界面的深度)以及回声的强度(决定其在图像上的亮度),并将每秒数千次这样的读数组合成实时图像。当对准流动血液时,它还能通过检测返回回声的音调变化(多普勒效应)来显示甚至测量血流。

其独特之处在于能够进行实时成像。由于我们可以实时观察图像,因此可以要求您移动手部或肩部,并即时观察肌腱的滑动过程,这是静态图像无法展示的。这使得超声在评估手腕、手部和肩部周围的肌腱问题方面非常有用。需要了解的主要一点是,超声是操作者依赖性的:图像质量取决于操作探头者的技能,且无法深入关节内部或穿透骨骼进行成像。

磁共振成像(MRI)——软组织与骨骼的详尽全能检查

核磁共振扫描仪——即带有检查床的大型隧道状磁体。
磁共振成像扫描仪:一个您躺在其中的大型磁体,利用磁场和无线电波而非辐射进行成像。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0
肩部的灰度 MRI 切片。
一个MRI切片示例——此处为肩部,软组织与骨骼共同呈现为不同灰度。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

磁共振成像(MRI)利用强磁场(无辐射)生成极其精细的图像。 它是全能型检查,因为能以精细细节显示软组织和骨骼: 韧带、软骨、神经、骨髓,甚至普通X光片上无法显示的隐匿性骨折。在制定手术计划或追踪其他扫描难以明确的问题时,MRI往往是决定性的检查手段。

其实际工作原理。 人体主要由水和脂肪组成,这意味着体内充满氢,而氢原子的原子核是一个像小磁铁一样旋转的单个质子。通常这些质子指向各个方向,但在扫描仪强大的磁场内,它们会与磁场对齐并以由磁场强度决定的精确速率摆动(或称进动)。随后,扫描仪发射调谐至该精确速率的无线电波脉冲,使质子偏离对齐状态并向其输入能量。当脉冲停止时,质子重新回到对齐状态,并以微弱的无线电信号形式释放该能量,由接收线圈捕获。不同组织释放信号的速度不同,这正是软骨、液体和骨骼之间产生对比的原因。磁场梯度标记了每个信号在体内的来源位置,一种称为傅里叶变换的数学方法将收集到的大量信号转化为详细的图像。

有几件实际事项值得了解,以免感到意外:

  • 耗时较长,通常需要20至40分钟,且您需要保持相对静止以获得清晰的图像。
  • 您躺在隧道内,机器工作时噪音很大,会发出敲击和撞击声。我们会为您提供耳塞或耳机。
  • 如果您非常幽闭恐惧,请提前告知我们;有方法可以使其更容易忍受,有时使用不同的机器或轻度镇静剂会有帮助。
  • 如果您有某些金属植入物(如起搏器或较旧的金属内固定物),请告知我们。许多植入物(如钢板和螺钉)是完全安全的,但我们总是先进行检查,因此请提及您拥有的任何植入物。

CT — 复杂骨骼的三维细节

CT扫描仪——环形机架呈甜甜圈状,检查床从中穿过。
CT扫描仪:一个围绕您旋转X射线管的环形装置,从多个角度采集图像以重建切片。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0
肩部CT横断面切片。
CT 示例——横断面“切片”,此处为肩部层面,清晰显示骨骼细节。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

CT 扫描从不同角度拍摄多张 X 光片,计算机将其构建为详细的横断面图像,甚至生成三维模型。与常规 X 光片一样,其成像基础是骨骼,但细节更为丰富,因此非常适合用于复杂骨折(骨骼碎裂成多块)以及三维手术规划。对于手腕、肘部或肩部周围的棘手骨折,CT 可以精确显示骨块的相对位置,从而让我们精准规划修复方案。

其实际工作原理。 CT 扫描仪本质上是一台旋转的 X 光机:当您缓慢穿过环形开口时,X 光管和环形探测器围绕您旋转,从数百个角度捕捉 X 光影像。单独来看,每张影像只是一个平面阴影,但计算机将它们全部组合起来,精确计算每一点的组织密度,从而重建出可堆叠成三维模型的横断面“切片”。

其代价是,CT 使用的辐射剂量高于常规 X 光片,因此我们仅在额外细节确实会改变治疗方案时才开具此检查。

另一种检查——神经电生理检查

并非所有检查都是影像学检查。如果关注点是神经(麻木、刺痛或无力),我们可能会安排神经传导检查或肌电图(EMG)。这些检查并非对身体进行“拍照”,而是通过沿神经发送微小电信号并记录反应,来测量神经和肌肉的实际功能状态。它回答的是完全不同的问题。您可以在我们的神经检查与传导研究页面阅读更多相关内容。

综合来看——预期情况

令人安心的结论是,医疗团队会根据我们确切需要观察的内容来选择检查方式,且大多数检查快速且无痛。通常只需进行X光或超声检查;当需要更精细的细节或制定手术计划时,则会采用MRI或CT。无论您接受何种检查,结果都会以通俗易懂的语言向您解释,并说明其对治疗方案的意义。

如果您愿意,以下是值得提出的好问题:

  • 这项检查旨在寻找什么,以及它显示哪种组织?
  • 之后我还需要其他检查吗,大概需要多长时间?
  • 是否有需要首先告知的事项:幽闭恐惧症、金属植入物或怀孕?
  • 何时以及以何种方式向我解释检查结果?

这里没有愚蠢的问题。理解为何选择特定的检查方式,通常会让整个过程感觉不那么令人畏惧。

深入解析

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节提供更详细、面向学生水平的解释。理解您的检查结果并不需要阅读此部分,但如果您好奇每台机器如何实际生成其图像,请继续阅读。

X线和CT:密度阴影

X线是一种穿透身体的射线,其被致密组织(骨骼)吸收的程度高于软组织或空气。到达探测器的信号本质上是一种阴影:骨骼显示为白色,空气显示为黑色,软组织显示为灰色。CT扫描仅仅是从各个角度拍摄的多幅X线图像,经计算生成横断面“切片”,从而提供三维骨骼细节。两者均使用电离辐射(CT的辐射量远高于单次X线),因此需审慎使用。

超声:倾听回声

超声探头向体内发射极高频的声波脉冲,并接收从组织边界反射回来的回声。计算机将这些回声的时间和强度转化为实时动态图像。它不使用辐射,且由于是实时成像,非常适合观察浅表软组织以及监测结构的运动,例如肌腱滑动,或在运动时肌腱撕裂口张开。

磁共振成像(MRI):旋转的氢原子

磁共振成像(MRI) 利用强磁场和无线电波推动体内的氢原子(主要存在于水和脂肪中),然后监听这些原子在恢复稳定时发出的微弱信号。不同组织释放该信号的速率不同,通过控制测量时间,扫描可以进行“加权”,以使不同的结构呈现高信号:T2加权扫描使液体呈高信号,因此肿胀、炎症和许多损伤会显得明亮;T1加权扫描则显示解剖结构和脂肪。其结果是卓越的软组织细节(韧带、软骨、椎间盘、骨髓),且无辐射。

为何扫描方式的选择至关重要

每种方法“观察”到的内容各不相同,因此最佳扫描方式取决于所提出的问题:骨骼对位或骨折(X线)、表浅处活动的肌腱(超声)、复杂的骨骼解剖结构(CT),或详细的软组织及骨髓(MRI)。正确的答案往往源于选择正确的工具,而非进行所有扫描。


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Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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