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影响手部的疾病

How whole-body conditions — diabetes, thyroid, inflammatory arthritis, kidney disease and more — show up in the hand.

医生正在检查患者的手部。
手部可以是全身健康状况的窗口——许多全身性疾病会在此显现,有时甚至是首发表现。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

手是观察全身健康状况的最佳窗口之一。 由于手部密布着小关节、神经、肌腱、细小血管、 皮肤和指甲(均靠近体表且易于检查),许多全身性疾病 会在此留下最初的线索。有时,手部问题可能仅仅是局部问题。但有时, 完全相同的症状(僵硬、麻木、颜色改变、指甲外观异常) 可能是身体其他部位正在发生某种值得知晓且通常可治疗的情况的最早可见迹象。

本页以通俗易懂的语言介绍了在手部显现的主要医学状况。它并非用于自我诊断的清单;大多数疼痛和手指僵硬都是普通的劳损。但它解释了为什么您的外科医生可能会询问您的整体健康状况,仔细检查您的指甲和皮肤,或者即使您是因手部问题就诊,也可能建议进行血液检查或转诊。

糖尿病——手部疾病的“伪装大师”

糖尿病对手部的影响几乎超过其他任何内科疾病。长期高血糖会使软组织(肌腱、其鞘膜及韧带)变硬,因此糖尿病患者出现以下常见手部问题的频率远高于普通人群:

  • 扳机指(手指出现卡顿、弹响或锁定):在糖尿病患者中的发病率是普通人群的数倍。
  • 腕管综合征(拇指、食指和中指麻木和刺痛,夜间常加重)。
  • 杜普伊特伦病(手掌出现索条和结节,导致手指逐渐屈曲)。
  • 僵硬、蜡样手(有时称为糖尿病性手关节病或“关节活动受限”):手指无法完全伸直,双掌难以完全贴合。
  • 冻结肩,在糖尿病患者中显著更为常见。

这些症状中的任何一个都不能证明您患有糖尿病,但同时出现其中多种症状,或在较年轻年龄发病,是公认的需进行筛查的理由。我们在糖尿病与上肢疾病页面上对此进行了更深入的探讨。

甲状腺疾病——甲亢或甲减

甲状腺决定了身体的代谢速度,当其运行过快或过慢时,可能在手部表现出来。甲状腺功能减退是腕管综合征和扳机指的典型诱因之一,部分原因在于腱和神经周围的液体潴留及组织改变。甲亢和甲减均与冻结肩(肩周炎)相关。甲亢还可能导致细微震颤、手掌多汗以及指甲改变,例如指甲与甲床分离。对于无明显诱因出现的腕管综合征,有时会安排甲状腺血液检查。

炎症性关节炎——当免疫系统攻击关节

一系列疾病会导致免疫系统引起关节炎症,手部往往是这些疾病显现的部位,每种疾病都有其独特的模式:

  • 类风湿关节炎 倾向于影响指间关节和掌指关节,通常双手对称受累,伴有晨僵和柔软、肿胀的关节。请参阅我们的 炎症性和类风湿关节炎 页面。
  • 银屑病关节炎 可累及最靠近指甲的关节(远端指间关节),导致整根手指像香肠一样肿胀,并常伴有指甲凹点或皮肤斑块。请参阅我们的 银屑病关节炎 页面。
  • 痛风 引起突然、剧烈疼痛、发红、发热的发作,经典部位是大脚趾,但手指和腕关节也可能受累,有时随时间推移会出现粉白色结节。请参阅我们的 痛风 页面。

区分这些疾病与普通骨关节炎之所以重要,是因为炎症性关节炎由免疫系统驱动,并且对能够保护关节免受损伤的特定药物有反应,因此早期诊断会改变预后。

肾脏疾病

长期存在的肾脏疾病,尤其是接受透析治疗多年的患者,可能导致腕管综合征,其机制是名为淀粉样蛋白(amyloid)的蛋白质在腕部肌腱周围沉积。肾脏问题还会扰乱体内的钙、磷及骨骼代谢,从而削弱骨骼,并偶尔表现为疼痛或在手部X线片上可见的异常改变。这些是外科医生可能会关注您肾脏病史的原因。

妊娠

妊娠是手部症状常见且令人安心的原因。妊娠后期体内滞留的额外液体会增加腕管内的压力,因此腕管综合征(手指麻木和刺痛,夜间常最严重)在妊娠期间十分常见。好消息是,这种情况在分娩后数周内通常会自行缓解,因此一线治疗通常采用夜间支具等简单措施,而非手术。

循环与结缔组织疾病

某些疾病会影响小血管和结缔组织,而手指往往是您最先注意到这些变化的部位:

  • 雷诺现象: 在寒冷或压力状态下,小血管收缩,导致手指先变白,然后变蓝,最后变红。单独发生时通常无害,但也可能是结缔组织疾病的早期征兆。我们在雷诺现象页面上对此进行了全面介绍。
  • 硬皮病(系统性硬化症)会使手指皮肤紧绷和增厚,可能引起雷诺现象、指尖疼痛性溃疡以及小关节僵硬。
  • 狼疮(系统性红斑狼疮)可能导致关节疼痛、雷诺现象以及皮肤和甲襞改变。

我们特别关注的一个线索是指甲根部(甲襞)的异常血管:那里的扭曲、扩张的血管环可能提示硬皮病或狼疮,这也是您的外科医生可能会用放大镜仔细检查您指甲的原因之一。

其他线索——指甲、皮肤和指尖

指尖、指甲和皮肤可能提示手部以外的多种状况:

  • 杵状指: 指尖变宽,指甲向末端弯曲,与某些肺部、心脏和肠道疾病有关。
  • 匙状甲可能反映缺铁,苍白的甲床可能提示贫血。
  • 指甲点状凹陷、剥离或颜色改变可能伴随银屑病、甲状腺疾病或其他疾病出现。
  • 黄色、增厚、脆弱的指甲在糖尿病和某些循环问题中很常见。
  • 皮肤和颜色变化: 皮肤发黄、易瘀伤或手掌异常发红,偶尔可能反映肝脏疾病。

单独来看,这些通常很轻微且非常常见。当几种症状同时出现、所有指甲同时受影响,或伴随整体不适感时,它们的意义会更大。

为什么您的外科医生会询问您的整体健康状况

当您因手部或手腕问题就诊时,您可能会惊讶地发现,医生会询问您的血糖水平、甲状腺功能、用药情况、体重变化或您近期的整体感受,并检查您的指甲、皮肤和脉搏。这并非多余的程序。这是因为手部常常反映身体的其他状况,发现更广泛的病情既可能改变您手部问题的治疗方案,有时还能发现其他部位可治疗的疾病。 如果疑似存在全身性内科疾病,下一步通常是进行简单的血液检查或转诊给您的全科医生或内科医生,而非手术。

何时就医

如果出现以下情况,请去看您的全科医生(GP)或返回我们这里,不要等待:

  • 手部症状伴随整体不适感:发热、体重减轻、疲劳或感觉身体不对劲。
  • 关节疼痛、肿胀或僵硬同时影响双手,或伴有需要一段时间才能缓解的晨僵。
  • 您注意到手指颜色变化(白色/蓝色/红色)、疼痛的指尖溃疡,或新的手指皮肤紧绷。
  • 许多手指的指甲同时发生变化:凹陷、剥离、匙状甲、杵状指或颜色改变。
  • 腕管综合征症状或扳机指出现在多个手指、双侧,或在比预期更年轻的年龄出现。

大多数时候,手部问题仅仅是手部问题。但由于手部是整体健康状况如此诚实的报告者,提及整体情况总是值得的。有时手部是最先察觉的。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您做出自身治疗决策所需的深度。这一主题值得额外阅读,因为在实践中,多种手部状况是全身性疾病的早期可见征兆,且手部往往在其他部位之前率先揭示问题。

糖尿病以几种不同的方式改变手部

糖尿病是与手部问题联系最为密切的系统性疾病,其机制在所有这些问题中是共同的:葡萄糖不可逆地与胶原蛋白结合,使其交联,从而使结缔组织变得更僵硬、更厚。手部所有依赖组织滑动的结构都会受到影响。

其结果是一个公认的症候群:腕管综合征、扳机指、Dupuytren病,以及关节活动受限,其特征是手掌无法完全平贴在一起。冻结肩也属于同一组。

在妊娠期间存在一个具体且重要的推论:妊娠期糖尿病是腕管综合征和De Quervain腱鞘炎的重要危险因素,这一结论基于715,337例患者的数据集[1]。该效应在妊娠的数月内出现,而非在已确立的糖尿病数年病程中出现,表明这些组织变化比通常认为的更快。

实际要点并非糖尿病患者的手部问题不可治疗,它们对相同的治疗有反应,而是这些问题会聚集出现,因此应提示关注其他问题,并且血糖控制是整体情况的一部分,而非一个独立的问题。

某些手部体征应提示进行其他部位的检查

有几种临床表现值得识别,因为手部是某些全身性疾病的可见末端。

儿童出现多指扳机指。 双侧或多指扳机指,或合并腕管综合征,应引起对黏多糖贮积症等非典型潜在病理改变的怀疑 [2]。这是本网站上最明确的例子,表明手部体征具有远超手部本身的临床意义。

伴有警示特征的雷诺现象。 发病年龄约在30岁以后、双手不对称、指尖溃疡或凹陷性瘢痕,或甲襞毛细血管异常,提示继发性病因——通常为自身免疫性结缔组织病,而非良性的原发性形式。

无压迫因素的突发疼痛性肌无力。 骨间前神经麻痹越来越被认为是一种神经炎,且常可自发缓解 [3];而在肌无力之前出现剧烈疼痛,则指向神经性肌萎缩:这是一种神经炎症性疾病,减压手术无法解决该问题。

炎症性关节炎与退行性病变表现不同

类风湿关节炎及其他炎症性关节炎在手部的受累模式与骨关节炎明显不同:主要累及掌指关节和近端指间关节,而非远端指间关节;呈对称性分布;伴有持续性的晨僵及柔软的、呈囊性肿胀,而非坚硬的骨性膨大。

这一区别在外科和内科治疗中均具有重要意义。依赖软组织维持矫正效果的修复重建手术,在存在活动性滑膜炎的手部往往会发生松弛,因此通常需先控制疾病再进行重建,且同一手术在两种不同病理状态下预后不同。

手部为何能早期显现病变

手部是密集分布的小关节、位于狭窄腱鞘内的长肌腱、位于不可扩张的神经隧道内的神经,以及全身最远端循环的集合体,且均覆盖于薄皮肤之下,任何变化都清晰可见。在较大结构中可能未被察觉的病理过程,在此处会迅速产生症状;而损害小血管血流的病变,也会在此处最早显现。

正是这种敏感性,使得手部体征即使相对于整体健康状况看似微不足道,也值得向全科医生提及;这也解释了为何手外科医生经常将患者转诊给内科医生,而非仅处理眼前的手部问题。

参考文献

[1] Smith GB, Young B, Titan AL, Kenney DE, Ladd AL. Incidence and risk factors for soft tissue hand and wrist conditions in pregnancy. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2025;7(5):100778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100778

[2] Wong AL, Wong MJ, Parker R, Wheelock ME. Presentation and aetiology of paediatric trigger finger: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021;47(2):192-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934211035642

[3] Rodner CM, Tinsley BA, O'Malley MP. Pronator syndrome and anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013;21(5):268-75. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-21-05-268


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a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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