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预期会出现哪些疼痛、如何正确使用出院带药中的止痛药,以及何时需要联系医生。

Updated Apr 2026
一张手绘的止痛药片插图。
大多数上肢术后疼痛可通过规律服用对乙酰氨基酚联合非甾体抗炎药得到良好控制,必要时在最初几天使用更强效的止痛片剂。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

术后出现一定程度的疼痛是正常的,也是预期的。术后疼痛管理的目标并非完全无痛,而是让患者感到足够舒适,以便能够入睡、进行锻炼并重新开始活动。

预期疼痛

疼痛通常在手术当天及术后第二天最为严重,随后在最初1–2周内逐渐减轻。到4–6周时,大多数患者在活动时仅有偶发不适。术后第一周内夜间出现搏动性或酸痛感很常见;将手臂用枕头垫高通常有助于缓解。

如果您的手术是在局部麻醉下进行的,该区域术后约6–12小时内会保持麻木。请在麻木感消退前开始服用常规止痛药,而不是等到疼痛出现后再服用。接受臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的肩部手术后,麻木感完全恢复可能需要长达一周的时间,但通常在1–2天内即可缓解。

随着神经恢复,可能出现尖锐的、电击样疼痛。这种感觉令人不适但属正常现象,通常在几周内自行缓解。

您的出院止痛药

手术后,您将获处方止痛药。在大多数情况下,这些药物会在您出院前配发;如果医院药房已关闭后您才出院,您将收到一张处方,有时该处方会通过短信发送至您的手机,并在出院资料包中附有打印的取药凭证。任何药房均可调配该处方,包括医院药房。

该处方包含两层内容,其用法不同:

常规止痛药:按固定时间间隔服用,而不仅仅是在疼痛高峰时服用:

  • 对乙酰氨基酚 1 g(两片标准剂量片剂),每 4–6 小时一次,24 小时内不超过 4 g(八片)
  • 布洛芬 400 mg,每 8 小时一次,随餐服用,除非您存在禁忌症,如胃溃疡或肾脏疾病,或已被告知避免使用抗炎药(如果您的骨愈合存在顾虑,您的外科医生会告知您)

爆发痛止痛药:仅在常规止痛药无法控制疼痛时使用:

通常会同时处方一种更强的止痛药:最常见的是曲马多、氨瑞匹坦(Palexia)或羟考酮,有时是其中两种。具体使用哪种取决于您的麻醉师,因此请严格按照处方标签上的指示服用。我们所有麻醉师的用药方案中遵循以下原则:

  • 仅在常规止痛药效果不足时使用爆发痛片剂;它们不能替代常规止痛药。
  • 如果您被开具两种强效止痛药,请先从较温和的一种开始;如果效果不足或引起恶心,则换用另一种。
  • 夜间,睡前服用一片爆发痛止痛药通常已足够。到第二周,大多数患者仅在夜间需要服用,甚至完全不需要。
  • 部分患者在手部治疗或物理治疗 session 前服用一次爆发痛剂量会有益处;治疗师会在首次就诊时告知您是否适用。
  • 目标是在第二周内逐渐减少强效止痛药的使用。它们会导致便秘和嗜睡,且服用时间越长,效果越差。

出院处方经过刻意限制。如果您认为这不足以支持您的康复,请在出院后尽早咨询您的全科医生(GP),而不要等到药物用完为止。

值得了解的副作用

  • 便秘: 曲马多、曲马多和羟考酮均会引起便秘。 从第一天起多吃富含纤维的食物并大量饮水;如果这还不够,每天服用一或两次美达治(Movicol)颗粒剂即可缓解。
  • 恶心: 如果强效止痛药导致您恶心,请改用另一种替代药物(如有)。如果在出院时给您开了昂丹司琼,请在出现恶心或呕吐时服用一片。
  • 嗜睡: 服用强效止痛药期间请勿驾驶或做出重要决定。

非药物策略

这些方法在与口服药物联用时效果出乎意料地好:

  • 冰敷: 在术后第一周,每隔一小时或根据需要,将冰袋敷在伤口上15–20分钟。切勿将冰块直接接触皮肤;务必用袋子或毛巾包裹(参见热敷与冰敷
  • 抬高患肢: 保持手部高于肘部,肘部高于心脏水平。肿胀减轻意味着疼痛减轻
  • 活动: 您被处方的练习会略有疼痛,但能减少僵硬,而僵硬正是导致关节酸痛的原因
  • 分散注意力: 在早期阶段,观看您喜欢的内容确实能降低疼痛感知

何时联系我们

  • 最初几天后疼痛非但没有缓解,反而加重
  • 您所使用的药物无法控制疼痛
  • 突然出现的剧烈新发疼痛
  • 小腿疼痛或肿胀(罕见,但可能是血栓形成的迹象)
  • 胸痛或呼吸困难:请立即前往急诊科

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