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妊娠与手部疾病

Carpal tunnel in pregnancy and de Quervains "mummy thumb" — why they happen, what is safe, and when they settle.

一位孕妇托着自己的手腕。
腕管综合征和德奎尔万病在妊娠及产后较为常见,通常可通过简单措施缓解。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

酸痛、针刺感以及拇指疼痛在孕期和照顾新生儿的前几个月极为常见。当您的双手比以往任何时候都更忙碌时,这些症状可能令人痛苦,但令人欣慰的是,几乎所有这些问题都是暂时性的,由孕期和初为人母期间的变化所驱动,绝大多数通过简单的措施和时间即可自行缓解。很少需要手术。

本页介绍了我们最常遇到的两种情况,以及有助于缓解的简单方法。它是关于腕管综合征和神经压迫、德奎尔万腱鞘炎以及手部和手臂麻木和刺痛页面的补充;在这里,我们重点关注当这些问题伴随孕期和新生儿出现时的不同之处。

为什么怀孕期间手部会疼痛

怀孕会对身体产生影响,而这些影响会显著作用于手腕的小结构。您的组织内会积聚更多液体,激素水平的变化会使肌腱和神经周围的衬里变得松弛并肿胀。手腕是一个结构拥挤的部位(神经和肌腱穿过那里的狭窄通道),因此即使轻微的额外肿胀也可能压迫到之前完全舒适的结构。再加上抱婴儿和喂奶这些全新的重复性动作,就不难理解为什么手和手腕会感到不适了。

需要牢记的关键点是,病因通常是暂时性的:随着产后怀孕期间的液体和激素变化消退,以及身体恢复,压力会减轻,症状往往会逐渐消失。

妊娠期的腕管综合征

腕管是位于手腕前侧的一条狭窄通道,正中神经经此通道延伸至手部。在妊娠期间,体液潴留导致该通道内的组织肿胀,从而压迫神经。其结果是拇指、食指和中指(以及无名指的一半)出现麻木和刺痛感,常被描述为针刺感,典型表现为夜间症状最重,有时甚至会因不适而醒来并甩动双手以缓解。部分女性在妊娠的最后几个月内症状最为明显。

令人鼓舞的是,分娩后该病症的演变情况:对于大多数女性而言,随着多余体液的消退,症状会在分娩后数周内缓解。因此,妊娠期的治疗通常很简单,旨在让患者在自然病程中保持舒适:

  • 夜间腕部支具是主要治疗手段。保持手腕伸直位的支具能在睡眠期间使腕管尽可能保持开放状态,往往是最有帮助的单一措施。
  • 活动调整: 减少长时间弯曲手腕的姿势和任务,并适时休息。
  • 手部治疗,以获取关于支具使用、姿势及温和技术方面的建议。
  • 若症状严重且未缓解,偶尔会使用类固醇注射至腕管,以在分娩前提供暂时的舒适感。

妊娠期间极少需要手术,正是因为该问题在婴儿出生后往往能自行解决。

德奎尔万腱鞘炎(“妈妈手”)

德奎尔万腱鞘炎是手腕拇指侧肌腱的疼痛性肿胀,这些肌腱在通过靠近腕骨的狭窄隧道时发生病变。疼痛位于手腕拇指侧,由抓握、提举和旋转手腕的动作诱发,并常轻微放射至拇指和前臂。

它获得“妈妈手”这一绰号,是因为它与反复提起和托抱婴儿的动作密切相关。在抱起、携带和喂养婴儿时,手腕每天承受数十次负荷,且常处于不自然的位置。怀孕和哺乳期间的激素变化也起到一定作用。与腕管综合征(常在分娩前达到高峰)不同,德奎尔万腱鞘炎通常在分娩后出现或加重,多见于照顾新生儿的数月期间。

该病通常会自行缓解,治疗手段也相对简单:

  • 拇指人字形(spica)夹板:在固定拇指和手腕的同时保持拇指指尖自由活动:这能让受刺激的肌腱得到休息,是治疗的基石。
  • 改变抱婴儿的姿势:保持手腕伸直,从下方托起婴儿,让前臂承担主要工作,而不是用拇指和手腕伸展的姿势抓握。手部治疗师可以向您展示能产生显著效果的简单技巧调整。
  • 若疼痛顽固,向受累的肌腱隧道内注射皮质类固醇效果良好,且常具治愈性。

随着早期数月护理需求的减少,许多病例会缓解;在哺乳期母亲中,该病常在停止哺乳后痊愈。

其他可能时隐时现的疼痛

在此期间,手部及手腕可能会出现一些其他轻微不适,这些情况均较为常见且通常为暂时性的:

  • 手腕和手部普遍疼痛及肿胀,由相同的液体潴留引起,这种情况往往在一天中较晚时段加重,并在分娩后缓解。
  • 扳机指: 手指或拇指在弯曲时出现卡顿、弹响或锁定,这是由于肌腱周围肿胀所致。它可能出现在孕期或产后数月内,通常可通过支具、手部理疗或(如有必要)皮质类固醇注射得到缓解。

妊娠和哺乳期的安全选择

一个常见的担忧是,在怀孕或哺乳期间是否可以安全地进行某些治疗。好消息是,一线治疗也是最安全的选择:

  • 夹板、手部治疗和活动调整对您或您的宝宝没有任何风险,也是我们几乎总是首先采用的方法。通常这些就足够了。
  • 类固醇注射和手术仅作为备选方案,用于少数无法自行缓解的病例,并会与您进行个别讨论,权衡治疗时机与您的怀孕或哺乳状况,以确保任何决定都是在充分知情的情况下做出的,并且适合您的具体情况。

由于这些病症中的许多在分娩后会自行缓解,通常的计划是通过温和的措施让您保持舒适,让时间发挥作用。

何时就医

如果出现以下情况,请联系我们,或咨询您的全科医生(GP)、助产士或我们的团队:

  • 麻木或刺痛感变得严重或持续存在,而非仅在夜间时断时续。
  • 您注意到手部无力、握力减弱,或拇指根部肌肉萎缩(变细):这些可能是神经需要更多关注的迹象。
  • 在婴儿出生后的数月内,症状未见缓解,而您本应预期症状正在改善。
  • 疼痛或无力影响了您照顾婴儿的能力(如喂奶、抱起或携带),且简单的措施已无法应对。

尽早联系我们,以便我们可以为您定制合适的支具,安排手部治疗,并在必要时讨论其他少数选择,从而确保这一常见且通常短暂的问题不会妨碍您享受新生命。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的范围。孕期手部疾病值得深入阅读,因为这种关联是真实存在的,且目前已在极大规模的人群中得到了量化证实;此外,有一个可改变的因素尤为突出,它会同时增加两种常见问题的风险。

妊娠是真正的危险因素,而非时间上的巧合

腕管综合征和德奎尔万腱鞘炎均集中发生于妊娠期间及产后数月,人们很容易将其归因于照顾新生儿所带来的负担。一项针对715,337名患者的研究更有力地证实了这一点:妊娠是手部疾病的显著危险因素,与德奎尔万腱鞘炎发生几率的增加相关 [1]。

这一规模之所以重要,是因为它将相关性从主观印象中区分开来。妊娠期间的水钠潴留和激素变化合理地增加了腕管内的压力并使腱鞘肿胀,而反复抱起逐渐长大的婴儿则使拇指承受反复负荷。数据证实了这一模式,而无需确定其具体机制。

妊娠期糖尿病同时增加两种疾病的风险

同一数据集确认妊娠期糖尿病是腕管综合征和德奎尔万腱鞘炎的重要危险因素 [1]。

这是此处最有价值的信息,因为它将手部问题与妊娠期间已在监测的因素联系起来。这也符合妊娠外的已知情况:糖尿病是这两种疾病的既定危险因素,且驱动该风险的结缔组织变化似乎在比预期更短的时间尺度上发挥作用。

哪些妊娠发生德奎尔万腱鞘炎的风险更高

就产后德奎尔万腱鞘炎而言,已确定的妊娠风险因素为初产和超过40周的长孕期。值得注意的是,婴儿出生体重和婴儿数量未被证明会增加风险 [2]。

这两个阴性发现与阳性发现同样具有信息价值。较重的婴儿并不预示该病,双胞胎也不预示该病,这反驳了“更多提举导致该病”的简单解释,并重新指向激素环境。初产可能反映了对抱持技术的不熟悉,或者仅仅是因为一旦经历过该病,个体后续的提举方式会发生变化。

现有证据尚未提供的内容

在治疗指导方面,文献明显较为匮乏。一项关于妊娠期腕管综合征的综述发现,由于所采用的诊断标准和研究设计不同,报告的患病率存在显著差异;更重要的是,关于妊娠期间及产后最佳治疗策略的高质量证据极为缺乏,作者呼吁开展设计严谨的临床试验 [3]。

因此,风险已得到充分证实,而治疗路径尚未确立。在实践中,这支持在妊娠期及产后早期采取保守治疗,因为许多病例会随着生理变化的逆转而自行缓解,但应将其理解为基于自然病程的推断,而非基于试验证据的结论。

由此产生两个实际后果。症状在产后数月后仍持续存在者,自行缓解的可能性较低,应予以重新评估,而非继续等待。此外,由于这些病症在大多数人中普遍存在、真实且有时限性,值得在常规产前或产后复查中予以提及,而非将其视为新为人父母过程中不可避免的一部分而默默忍受。

参考文献

[1] Smith GB, Young B, Titan AL, Kenney DE, Ladd AL. 妊娠期软组织手部及腕部疾病的发病率与危险因素。J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2025;7(5):100778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100778

[2] Daglan E, Morgan S, Yechezkel M, Rutenberg TF, Shemesh S, Iordache SD, et al. 产后女性德奎尔万腱鞘炎的相关危险因素。Hand (N Y). 2023;19(4):643-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589447221150524

[3] Alitaleshi H, Baroutkoub M, Safaei H, Soleymani M. 伊朗妊娠期腕管综合征的患病率:系统综述。J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2026;8(4):101025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101025


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Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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