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神经性疼痛药物(加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林)

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前臂上有一条沿其走行的神经,并伴有刺痛感的火花标记。
神经疼痛表现为灼烧感、放射痛或刺痛感——这些药物可抑制其背后过度活跃的神经信号。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

如果您被处方了加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林、阿米替林或度洛西汀,您可能会感到惊讶:这些并非大多数人首选的止痛药。这有其充分的原因。它们所治疗的疼痛——神经性疼痛——与普通疼痛的行为模式不同,需要不同类型的药物来使其缓解。若使用得当,这些药物是一种宝贵的非阿片类方法,可有效减轻神经性疼痛。

什么是神经(神经病理性)疼痛

大多数疼痛是一种正常的警报:你撞伤了手,组织出现挫伤,该区域会感到疼痛,直到愈合为止。神经疼痛(医生称之为神经病理性疼痛)则有所不同。这里的问题在于神经本身:受到刺激、挤压或损伤的神经会自行发出疼痛信号,即使其所报告的皮肤或组织几乎没有问题或完全正常。实际上,警报系统已出现故障,并持续不断触发。

神经疼痛通常具有独特的感觉。人们将其描述为:

  • 灼烧感或发热
  • 放射痛或电击样疼痛,常沿一条线分布
  • 针刺感、麻木或蚁走感
  • 同一区域既感觉麻木又感觉疼痛
  • 皮肤极度敏感,即使轻微触碰或床单摩擦也会引起疼痛

它可能源于卡压性神经病变,如腕管综合征,源于神经损伤或某些手术后,源于带状疱疹或糖尿病等疾病,或源于一种称为CRPS(复杂性区域疼痛综合征)的疾病,该病表现为肢体在受伤后变得疼痛且过度敏感。

为什么普通止痛药往往效果有限

这是最让人意外的部分。对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬及其他非甾体抗炎药主要作用于炎症和组织损伤(如扭伤、挫伤、手术部位)。神经性疼痛本质上并非炎症问题,而是神经过度活跃、异常放电的问题。因此,常规止痛药,甚至强效阿片类药物,往往只能对其产生轻微缓解。

正因如此,我们转向另一类药物。这类药物并非通过平息炎症组织发挥作用,而是直接作用于神经系统本身,降低过度活跃的疼痛信号强度。它们最初是为其他目的研发的(部分用于癫痫,部分用于抑郁症),在应用过程中被发现对平息异常神经信号非常有效。开具此类药物并不意味着我们认为您的疼痛是想象出来的,或您患有癫痫或抑郁症;这仅意味着我们正在使用该药物最擅长的功能。

加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林(Lyrica)

这两种药物是神经性疼痛治疗的核心,且关系密切。 普瑞巴林的商品名为Lyrica;加巴喷丁也以Neurontin的商品名销售。

它们通过抑制过度活跃的神经信号传导发挥作用。受刺激的神经部分通过允许钙离子经由称为钙通道的微小通道流入神经而放电;加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林会抑制这些通道,从而使神经更不易放电,减少疼痛信号的传递。它们不是抗炎药,也不是阿片类药物;它们使神经安静下来,而不是使组织麻木。

一点现实说明:当确实存在故障、过度放电的神经作为病因时,这些药物对神经性疼痛最有效。它们不是管理普通酸痛或术后正常疼痛的好方法,也不建议在手术前后常规“以防万一”地服用;对于这类疼痛,它们会增加副作用,却几乎没有增加多少缓解效果。只有当神经性疼痛是真正的问题时,它们才发挥其作用。

阿米替林与度洛西汀——替代方案

如果加巴喷丁或普瑞巴林不适合您,或者效果不够理想,另外两种药物可以从不同的角度解决同样的问题。

  • 阿米替林是一种老牌的抗抑郁药,在此处使用的剂量远低于治疗抑郁症的剂量。在这些小剂量下,它有助于增强脊髓和大脑中身体自身的疼痛抑制通路。典型的起始剂量非常低,且在夜间服用,部分原因是它有助于睡眠,这在神经性疼痛导致失眠时非常有益。
  • 度洛西汀是一种SNRI(一种新型抗抑郁药),同样能增强通过神经系统运行的天然疼痛控制信号。它是糖尿病相关神经性疼痛的常见选择。

与加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林一样,提供这些药物之一是针对疼痛通路,而非您的情绪。

这些药物的使用方法——预期效果

以下几点实用信息适用于所有这些药物,提前了解它们能让您的体验更加顺畅。

从小剂量开始,缓慢递增。 您通常将从小剂量开始,并在数天至数周内逐步增加剂量。这并非出于单纯的谨慎。缓慢给药能让您的身体适应药物,并让早期副作用逐渐消退,从而使您最终能够耐受一个有效剂量;如果一开始就使用该剂量,您可能会感到难以承受。

起效需要时间:它们并非立竿见影。 与对乙酰氨基酚不同,您服用一片药后不会在半小时内感到缓解。这些药物需要数天至数周才能建立其疗效,而阿米替林和度洛西汀可能需要以合理剂量服用数周后,您才能对其效果做出公平评估。人们错过本可帮助他们的药物的最常见单一原因是过早放弃。如果药物尚未起效,这通常意味着它需要更多时间或更高剂量,而不是它已经失效。

它们能减轻疼痛强度;很少能完全消除疼痛。 了解什么是“成功”会有所帮助。对大多数人来说,良好的结果是疼痛变得轻微且更易于管理(例如,从剧烈疼痛降至轻度疼痛,或让您能够入睡),而不是完全消失。有些人获得大量缓解,有些人获得少量缓解,还有些人发现某种特定药物对他们无效,这就是为什么往往需要尝试一种药物,并在必要时换用另一种。将药物与您的其他治疗相结合(保持手部活动、手部理疗、在可能的情况下治疗根本原因)通常比单靠任何一片药都更有效。

常见副作用。 常见的副作用包括嗜睡、头晕和口干;有些人会注意到体重增加或脚踝轻微肿胀。这些症状通常在初期最严重,并随着身体适应而逐渐缓解,这正是我们温和增加剂量的原因。如果这些症状令人困扰,请告诉我们;减缓剂量增加速度或调整剂量通常可以解决问题。

在适应期间驾驶和饮酒。 由于这些药物可能使您嗜睡或头晕,在了解药物对您的影响之前,请小心驾驶或操作机械,尤其是在最初几天以及每次增加剂量之后。也要谨慎饮酒,因为酒精会加重嗜睡。

不要突然停药。 当需要停用这些药物之一时,剂量应逐渐减少(减量),而不是在一夜之间停止。突然停药可能导致令人不适的戒断反应。请务必在指导下停药,不要自行决定。

关于加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林作为管制药品的说明

加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林现已被归类为管制药品。原因有二。首先,部分人群存在滥用和依赖的风险。其次,也是出于安全考虑最重要的一点,它们与阿片类药物或其他镇静剂(包括强效安眠药和大量酒精)联用时可能具有危险性,因为联合使用可能会抑制呼吸。

在实际操作中,这意味着:请严格遵医嘱服用,不要与他人分享,不要额外加量,并确保所有为您治疗的临床医生都知道您正在服用其中一种药物,特别是如果有人考虑为您开具阿片类止痛药或镇静剂时。如果这些内容与您相关,我们另有专门页面介绍 术后疼痛管理 以及 大麻和CBD用于疼痛。

这些规定不应让您却步。对于绝大多数人而言,这些药物是安全、有效且真正有用的非阿片类控制神经性疼痛的方法。其管制药品地位仅仅是提醒我们审慎使用并严格遵医嘱。

如出现以下情况,请寻求帮助

如果您注意到以下情况,请联系我们、您的全科医生或寻求紧急护理:

  • 严重嗜睡或意识模糊,或难以被唤醒
  • 情绪变化,或任何自伤念头: 立即告知他人
  • 呼吸问题或异常缓慢或浅表的呼吸,特别是如果您同时正在服用阿片类药物或镇静剂(请呼叫急救服务)
  • 过敏反应的迹象:皮疹、面部、嘴唇或舌头肿胀,或呼吸困难(这是紧急情况)

如果经过合理试用后药物确实无效,或副作用难以忍受,也请务必联系我们;有多种选择,通常只需找到适合您的那一种即可。


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