Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

神经痛药物(加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林)

PDF

How medicines like gabapentin and pregabalin settle nerve pain, why they are built up slowly, their side effects, and using them safely.

前臂,沿其走行有一条神经,并伴有 tingling 火花标记。
神经痛表现为烧灼感、电击样疼痛或刺痛——这些药物可抑制其背后的过度活跃神经信号。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

如果您被处方了加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林、阿米替林或度洛西汀,您可能会感到惊讶:这些并不是大多数人首选的止痛药。这是有充分原因的。它们所治疗的疼痛——神经性疼痛——与普通疼痛的表现不同,需要不同类型的药物来控制。在正确使用下,这些药物是缓解神经性疼痛的一种有价值的非阿片类方法。

什么是神经(神经病理性)疼痛

大多数疼痛是一种合理的警报:你碰伤了手,组织出现瘀伤,该区域会疼痛直至愈合。神经疼痛(医生称之为神经病理性疼痛)则不同。在这种情况下,问题出在神经本身:受到刺激、受压或受损的神经会自行发出疼痛信号,即使它所支配的皮肤或组织几乎没有或完全没有问题。换句话说,警报器出了故障,持续响起。

神经疼痛往往具有独特的感觉。人们将其描述为:

  • 烧灼感或灼热感
  • 放射状电击样疼痛,通常沿一条线分布
  • 针刺感、麻木感或蚁走感
  • 感觉麻木但同时伴有疼痛的区域
  • 皮肤极度敏感,以至于轻微的触摸或床单的接触都会引起疼痛

神经疼痛可能源于受压的神经,如腕管综合征,也可能由神经损伤或某些手术后引起,还可能与带状疱疹或糖尿病等疾病有关,或由一种称为复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)的疾病引起,该病会导致肢体在受伤后变得疼痛且过度敏感。

为什么普通止痛药往往效果有限

这一点最让人惊讶。对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬及其他抗炎药主要针对炎症和组织损伤(如扭伤、挫伤或手术部位)起作用。神经性疼痛本质上并非炎症问题,而是神经过度活跃、异常放电的问题。因此,常规止痛药甚至强效阿片类药物通常只能略微缓解此类疼痛。

这就是为什么我们会转向另一类药物。它们并非通过镇静发炎组织来发挥作用,而是直接作用于神经系统,降低过度活跃的疼痛信号传导强度。这些药物最初是为其他目的开发的(部分用于癫痫,部分用于抑郁症),在此过程中,人们发现它们对抑制异常的神经信号非常有效。开具此类处方并不意味着我们认为您的疼痛是想象出来的,也不意味着您患有癫痫或抑郁症;这仅仅意味着我们正利用该药物在其最擅长的领域发挥作用。

加巴喷丁与普瑞巴林(Lyrica)

这两种药物是神经性疼痛治疗的核心用药,且彼此密切相关。 普瑞巴林的商品名为Lyrica加巴喷丁的商品名则为Neurontin

它们通过抑制过度活跃的神经信号传导发挥作用。受刺激的神经部分通过被称为钙通道的微小闸门让钙离子流入而放电;加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林能抑制这些通道,从而使神经不易放电,减少疼痛信号的传递。它们并非抗炎药,也非阿片类药物;它们的作用是使神经镇静,而非使组织麻木。

需要现实地指出:当背后确实存在故障且过度放电的神经时,这些药物对神经性疼痛的效果最佳。它们并非管理普通疼痛或术后正常酸痛的良好方法,不建议在手术前后常规“以防万一”服用;对于这类疼痛,它们只会增加副作用,而带来的缓解有限。只有当神经性疼痛是真正的问题时,它们才具有应用价值。

阿米替林与度洛西汀——替代方案

如果加巴喷丁或普瑞巴林不适合您,或效果不佳,还有两种药物从不同角度作用于同一问题。

  • 阿米替林是一种古老的抗抑郁药,在此处的使用剂量远低于治疗抑郁症的剂量。在如此小的剂量下,它有助于增强脊髓和大脑中身体自身的疼痛抑制通路。典型的起始剂量非常低,并在夜间服用,部分原因是它有助于睡眠,当神经性疼痛导致您无法入睡时,这一点尤为有益。
  • 度洛西汀是一种SNRI(一种新型抗抑郁药),同样,它能增强通过神经系统运行的自然疼痛控制信号。它是治疗与糖尿病相关的神经性疼痛的常见选择。

与加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林一样,提供其中一种药物是针对疼痛通路,而非您的情绪。

这些药物的使用方法——预期效果

以下实用要点适用于所有这些药物,提前了解这些内容将使您的体验更加顺畅。

起始剂量低并缓慢增加。 您通常从较小剂量开始,并在数天至数周内逐步增加剂量。这并非出于单纯的谨慎。缓慢增加剂量可使您的身体适应药物,并使早期副作用消退,从而使您能够耐受一个有效的剂量;如果一开始就使用该剂量,您可能会难以承受。

起效需要时间:并非即时生效。 与对乙酰氨基酚不同,您服用一片药后不会在半小时内感到缓解。这些药物的疗效在数天至数周内逐渐建立,阿米替林(amitriptyline)和度洛西汀(duloxetine)可能需要数周时间达到合理剂量,之后才能对其疗效做出公正评估。人们未能从本有帮助的药物中获益的最常见原因是过早停药。如果药物尚未起效,通常意味着需要更多时间或更高剂量,而不是药物无效。

减轻疼痛程度;很少能完全消除疼痛。 了解成功的标准是有帮助的。对大多数人来说,良好的结果是疼痛变得减轻且更易管理(例如,从重度降至轻度,或让您能够入睡),而不是完全消失。有些人获得很大缓解,有些人获得少量缓解,还有些人发现某种药物对他们毫无作用,因此通常需要尝试一种药物,如果需要,再换用另一种。将药物与其他治疗措施(保持手部活动、手部治疗、在可能的情况下治疗根本原因)结合使用,通常比单独服用任何药物更有效。

常见副作用。 常见副作用包括嗜睡、头晕和口干;有些人注意到体重增加或脚踝轻度肿胀。这些副作用通常在早期最严重,随着身体适应往往会减轻,这正是我们缓慢增加剂量的原因。如果副作用令人困扰,请告知我们;减缓增加剂量的速度或调整剂量通常可以解决这一问题。

适应期间的驾驶和饮酒。 由于这些药物可能导致嗜睡或头晕,在了解药物对您的影响之前,驾驶或操作机器时应小心,尤其是在最初几天和每次增加剂量后。也应限制饮酒,因为酒精会加重嗜睡。

不要突然停药。 当需要停用其中一种药物时,剂量应逐渐减少(递减),而不是突然停止。突然停药可能导致令人不适的戒断反应。务必在指导下停药,不要自行停药。

关于加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林作为管制药物的说明

加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林现被归类为管制药物。原因有二。首先,在某些人群中存在滥用和依赖的风险。其次,出于安全考虑最为重要的是,当与阿片类药物或其他镇静剂(包括强效安眠药和大量酒精)合用时,它们可能具有危险性,因为联合使用会抑制呼吸。

在实践中,这意味着:严格按照处方服用,不要与他人分享,不要自行加量,并确保所有为您治疗的临床医生都知道您正在服用其中一种药物,特别是当任何医生考虑为您开具阿片类止痛药或镇静剂时。如果这些情况与您相关,我们另有单独页面介绍 阿片类药物及术后疼痛管理 以及 用于疼痛管理的大麻和CBD

以上信息不应让您感到担忧。对于绝大多数人而言,这些药物安全、有效,是控制神经性疼痛的一种真正有用的非阿片类方法。管制药物身份仅仅是提醒我们要审慎使用,并仅按处方规定使用。

如需帮助

如果您注意到以下情况,请联系我们的医生、您的全科医生(GP)或寻求紧急医疗救助:

  • 严重嗜睡或意识混乱,或难以被唤醒
  • 情绪变化,或任何自伤念头: 请立即告知他人
  • 呼吸问题 或呼吸异常缓慢或浅表,尤其是如果您同时服用阿片类药物或镇静剂(请拨打急救电话)
  • 过敏反应迹象: 皮疹、面部、嘴唇或舌头肿胀,或呼吸困难(此为紧急情况)

此外,如果经过合理试用后药物仍未见效,或副作用难以忍受,请务必与我们联系;有多种替代方案,通常只需找到适合您的那一种即可。


Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.