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骨折预防与脆性骨折

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A wrist or shoulder broken in a simple fall is often the first sign of thinning bone — treating the bone and preventing the next fall.

一位老年人用手扶着扶手以保持平衡。
保持稳定——扶手、良好的照明和平衡练习有助于预防导致脆性骨折的跌倒。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

如果您是老年人,并且在一次简单的跌倒中(如在毯子上绊倒、在花园中踉跄、从椅子上起身时滑倒)发生了骨折,那么这次受伤正在向您传递一个有用的信息。因轻微跌倒而骨折的骨骼,往往是骨骼悄然变弱的首个迹象。好消息是,这是医学中最具可操作性的警示之一:有明确的计划可以增强骨骼强度,并在下一次跌倒发生前予以预防。本页面将解释什么是脆性骨折、其重要性,以及真正有效的实用措施。

什么是“脆性骨折”?

脆性骨折是指由低能量跌倒引起的骨折,即从站立高度或更低高度跌落,这种程度的撞击通常是健康年轻人的骨骼能够轻松承受的。当骨骼因如此微小的外力而折断时,通常是因为骨骼本身变薄和变弱,这种情况称为骨质疏松症。跌倒是诱因,而骨骼脆弱才是根本原因。

在上肢中,最常见的两种脆性骨折是手腕骨折(桡骨远端骨折,即手腕上方前臂的骨骼)和肩部骨折(肱骨近端骨折,即上臂骨的顶端)。这两种骨折的发生机制相同(例如伸手试图缓冲跌倒冲击,或肩部着地),且往往都是骨骼变薄的第一个警示信号。许多人在发生轻微跌倒导致骨折之前,对骨质疏松症毫无症状;而在X光片上,这种骨折看起来远比跌倒本身造成的损伤严重。

为何一次骨折值得采取行动

最令大多数人惊讶的是:一旦发生过一次脆性骨折,再次发生骨折(包括更严重的髋部或脊柱骨折)的风险大约会翻倍。六十多岁或七十多岁时发生的腕部骨折,不仅仅是一个需要打石膏后就置之不理的腕部损伤;它是一个早期、明显的警示信号,提示存在一个问题,若不予处理,日后可能导致髋部骨折,而髋部骨折的恢复难度要大得多。

这就是为什么我们将脆性骨折视为需要同时从两个方面采取行动的提示。仅治疗骨折只能解决当前的问题,却无法消除未来的风险。这两项任务是:增强骨骼强度,并预防下一次跌倒。

正面:增强骨骼强度

首要任务是明确您的骨骼究竟有多强(或多弱),然后采取相应措施。

  • 进行骨骼评估。 标准检查是 DEXA 扫描,这是一种无痛、低剂量的 X 射线检查(通常针对髋部和脊柱),用于测量您的骨密度。它能告诉我们您是否患有骨质疏松症以及其严重程度。
  • 纠正维生素 D 和钙缺乏。 骨骼由钙构成,而如果没有足够的 维生素 D,您的身体就无法有效吸收钙。许多老年人实际上存在维生素 D 缺乏而不自知。通过简单的血液检测,并在必要时补充,即可纠正这一问题,这是建立基础中最容易实施的一环。
  • 考虑使用护骨药物。 在骨密度较低的情况下,有一些经过充分验证的药物可以减缓骨量流失或主动重建骨骼,从而显著降低再次骨折的风险。是否适合您使用这些药物,需要与您的全科医生或专科医生讨论决定。

许多医院现在设有 骨折联络服务,这是一个专门团队,其全部职责是在脆性骨折后识别患者,并确保进行上述骨骼健康评估,而不是在大家专注于石膏固定时让患者被遗漏。如果您的所在地区有此类服务,强烈建议转诊至该服务。(有关骨密度、骨质疏松症及相关药物的更多详细信息,请参阅配套的 骨骼健康与骨质疏松症 页面。)

前两步:预防下一次跌倒

增强骨骼强度可降低跌倒造成的损伤。预防跌倒则能从根本上消除诱因。大多数跌倒实际上是可预防的。最有效的措施往往出乎意料地平常。

  • 消除家中的隐患。 许多跌倒实际上就发生在这里。移除或固定松动的地毯和拖曳的电线,清理通道和楼梯上的杂物,改善照明(尤其是楼梯和夜间通往浴室的路径),并在楼梯上安装扶手、在浴室安装抓杆。在床和厕所之间安装一盏夜灯,可显著减少跌倒次数。
  • 穿着合适的鞋履。 合脚、防滑、平底且系带牢固的鞋子优于拖鞋、宽松的便鞋或仅穿袜子行走。足部疼痛和选鞋不当会悄无声息地损害你的平衡能力。
  • 进行眼科检查。 接受视力测试并更新眼镜处方。如果你佩戴双光镜或渐进多焦点镜片,请注意它们可能会模糊台阶的边缘;准备一副专门用于上下楼梯和户外行走的眼镜有时会有所帮助。
  • 审查药物清单。 某些药物会导致嗜睡、头晕或体位性低血压(站立时血压下降),且同时服用多种药物时跌倒风险会增加。药剂师或全科医生可以审查药物清单,简化或调整可能导致跌倒的药物。
  • 管理头晕和体位性低血压。 如果你从坐位或卧位起身时感到头晕,请务必告知医生;这种情况通常是可以治疗的。缓慢起身并在行走前稍作停顿,是一个简单且有效的习惯。
  • 进行力量和平衡训练:这是最有力的一步。 在以上所有措施中,旨在增强腿部力量和平衡能力的方案在真正降低跌倒风险方面拥有最充分的证据。太极拳和结构化的力量与平衡训练课程(你的物理治疗师或全科医生可以为你推荐当地的课程)能让你步履稳健,同时作为额外益处,还能使骨骼得到负荷并保持健康。保持活跃是保护性的,而非风险的来源。

跌倒并非仅仅是“衰老的一部分”

人们很容易认为跌倒只是随着年龄增长而发生的自然现象,并开始缩减生活范围以避免跌倒:减少外出、减少活动、减少运动。这种本能会悄然使情况恶化,因为活动越少,身体就会越虚弱、越不稳定。跌倒并非衰老的必然结果,通过上述实用措施,大多数跌倒是可以预防的。目标不是将自己包裹在棉花中(过度保护),而是保持足够的力量、稳定性和信心,继续从事您喜爱的活动。

何时进行检查或寻求帮助

  • 发生任何脆性骨折后,请咨询您的全科医生或外科团队进行骨健康评估(包括双能X线吸收测定法(DEXA)扫描,以及维生素D、钙水平的复查,并评估您是否适合使用保护骨骼的药物)。不要让对话在打石膏后便结束。
  • 如果您反复跌倒、行走不稳,或出现头晕或头昏(尤其是站立时):请就诊您的全科医生。这些情况正是可以评估并改善的。
  • 如果您跌倒并担心可能骨折(突发疼痛、肿胀、明显畸形,或无法使用该肢体):请尽快进行检查。

同时从两个方面入手(增强骨骼强度和减少跌倒)是确保首次脆性骨折也是最后一次脆性骨折的最有效方法。


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