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跌倒预防与脆性骨折

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A wrist or shoulder broken in a simple fall is often the first sign of thinning bone — treating the bone and preventing the next fall.

一位老年人用手扶着扶手以保持身体平衡。
保持平稳——扶手、良好的照明和平衡练习有助于预防导致脆性骨折的跌倒。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

如果您是一位老年人,并且在一次简单的跌倒中(如在地毯上绊倒、在花园里绊倒、从椅子上起身时滑倒)骨折了,那么这一损伤正在向您传递一个有用的信息。因轻微跌倒而骨折,往往意味着骨骼已悄然变得比正常状态更脆弱,这是其发出的第一个信号。好消息是,这是医学上最具可操作性的预警之一:存在明确的方案来增强骨骼强度,并在下一次跌倒发生前加以预防。本页将解释什么是脆性骨折、其重要性,以及真正有效的实用措施。

什么是“脆性骨折”?

脆性骨折是指骨骼因低能量跌倒而发生的断裂,即从站立高度或更低高度跌倒,这种程度的撞击通常会被健康的年轻骨骼轻松承受。当骨骼在如此小的外力下发生骨折时,通常是因为骨骼本身已经变薄和变弱,这种情况被称为骨质疏松症。跌倒是诱因,骨骼脆弱才是根本原因。

在上肢,最常见的两种脆性骨折是手腕骨折(桡骨远端骨折,即腕部正上方的前臂骨骼)和肩部骨折(肱骨近端骨折,即臂骨的上端)。两者的发生机制相同(跌倒时用手撑地以缓冲冲击,或肩部着地),且两者往往都是骨骼变薄的最初警示信号。许多人在发生轻微跌倒导致骨折之前,完全没有骨质疏松症的任何症状;而在X光片上,骨折的严重程度远远超出了跌倒本身应造成的损伤。

为何单根骨折也值得积极干预

这里有一个令大多数人感到意外的部分:一旦发生过一次脆性骨折,再次发生骨折(包括髋部或脊柱更严重的骨折)的风险大约会翻倍。六七十岁时手腕骨折,绝不仅仅是一根需要打石膏然后遗忘的手腕;它是一个早期且可见的信号,提示着一种若不及时干预,日后可能导致髋部骨折的问题,而髋部骨折的康复难度要大得多。

这就是为什么我们将脆性骨折视为在两个层面同时采取行动的契机。仅治疗骨折部位只能解决当前的问题,却未触及未来的风险。这两项任务是:增强骨骼强度,以及预防下一次跌倒。

第一部分:增强骨骼强度

首要任务是明确您的骨骼究竟有多强(或多弱),然后采取相应措施。

  • 进行骨骼评估。 标准检测是DEXA扫描,这是一种无痛、低剂量的X射线检查(通常针对髋部和脊柱),用于测量您的骨密度。它能告诉我们您是否患有骨质疏松症以及其严重程度。
  • 纠正维生素D和钙水平。 骨骼由钙构成,如果体内维生素D不足,身体无法有效吸收钙。许多老年人维生素D水平偏低却未察觉。通过简单的血液检测,并在必要时服用补充剂,即可纠正这一状况,这是最容易建立的基础之一。
  • 考虑使用骨骼保护药物。 当骨密度较低时,有经过充分验证的药物可以减缓骨质流失或主动重建骨骼,从而显著降低下一次骨折的风险。哪种药物适合您,需要与您的全科医生或专科医生进行沟通。

许多医院现在都设有骨折联络服务,这是一个专门负责在脆性骨折发生后及时介入的团队,确保进行骨骼健康评估,而不是在所有人都专注于石膏固定时而被遗漏。如果您所在地区设有此类服务,非常值得申请转诊。 (有关骨密度、骨质疏松症及相关药物的更多详细信息,请参阅配套的骨骼健康与骨质疏松症页面。)

前两项:预防下一次跌倒

增强骨骼强度可降低跌倒造成的损伤。预防跌倒则彻底消除了诱因。大多数跌倒实际上是可以预防的。最有效的措施往往出人意料地平常。

  • 消除家中隐患。 许多跌倒实际上就发生在家中。移除或固定松动的地毯和拖地的电线,清理通道和楼梯上的杂物,改善照明(尤其是楼梯和夜间通往浴室的路径),并在楼梯上安装扶手,在浴室安装抓杆。在床和厕所之间安装夜灯可防止大量跌倒。
  • 穿合适的鞋子。 合脚、防滑、平底且固定牢固的鞋子优于拖鞋、松垮的便鞋或仅穿袜子活动。足部疼痛和选鞋不当会悄悄削弱您的平衡能力。
  • 检查视力。 接受视力测试并更新眼镜。如果您佩戴双光镜或多焦点镜,请注意它们可能会使台阶边缘模糊;有时,单独配一副用于上下楼梯和户外行走的眼镜会有帮助。
  • 审查您的药物。 某些药物会导致嗜睡、头晕或站立时血压下降,且当同时服用多种此类药物时,跌倒风险会增加。药剂师或全科医生可以审查药物清单,简化或调整那些增加风险的药物。
  • 管理站立时的头晕和血压。 如果您从坐姿或卧姿起身时感到头晕,请提及这一点;这通常是可治疗的。缓慢站起并在行走前稍作停顿,是一个有助于预防跌倒的简单习惯。
  • 进行力量和平衡练习:这是最有力的一步。 在这份清单上的所有措施中,增强腿部力量和平衡的训练项目在实际上减少跌倒方面拥有最充分的证据。太极拳以及结构化的力量与平衡课程(您的物理治疗师或全科医生可以为您推荐当地的课程)能让您保持脚步稳健,此外,还能使骨骼承受负荷并保持健康。保持活动具有保护作用,而非风险。

跌倒并非“衰老的一部分”

人们很容易认为跌倒是随年龄增长而自然发生的现象,并因此开始缩小自己的生活范围以避免跌倒:外出减少、活动减少、运动减少。这种本能会悄然使情况恶化,因为活动越少,身体就越虚弱、越不稳定。跌倒并非衰老不可避免的一部分,绝大多数跌倒都可以通过上述实用措施加以预防。目标并非将自己包裹在棉花中(过度保护),而是保持足够的力量、稳定性和信心,以继续从事您喜爱的活动。

何时进行检查或寻求帮助

  • 在任何脆性骨折发生后,请咨询您的全科医生或外科团队,进行骨骼健康评估(包括双能X射线吸收测定法(DEXA)扫描,以及维生素D、钙水平的复查,并评估骨骼保护药物是否适合您)。不要让对话仅停留在石膏固定上。
  • 如果您出现反复跌倒、步态不稳,或感到头晕或头昏:尤其是在站立时。这些正是可以被评估和改善的问题。
  • 如果您跌倒后担心可能骨折(突发疼痛、肿胀、明显畸形,或肢体无法使用):请尽快进行检查。

同时从两个方面入手(增强骨骼强度和减少跌倒)是确保第一次脆性骨折也是最后一次骨折的最有效方法。


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