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雷诺现象

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Fingers that go white, blue then red in the cold — primary vs secondary Raynaud's, keeping warm, and when it needs assessment.

雷诺综合征发作期间,部分手指发白的手。
在雷诺现象发作时,受累手指因小血管收缩而变得苍白和冰冷,随后随着血液回流,手指变为蓝色,最后转为红色。 Profpedia / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

当遇冷或感到压力时,您的手指会变色并感觉异常。 一次典型的发作会经历三个阶段:手指首先变,感觉冰冷且麻木,随后随着血液流失变,最后当血液重新涌入时变,并可能出现搏动性疼痛或刺痛。在此过程中,您可能会注意到麻木、针刺感或酸痛。同样的情况有时也会影响脚趾、鼻子、耳朵或嘴唇

发作时好时坏。它们通常由一些轻微因素触发(从冰箱取出食物、寒冷的早晨、手持冰镇饮料,或突然的压力浪潮),一旦您温暖起来,通常在几分钟到半小时内会自行缓解。在发作间歇期,手指通常看起来和感觉完全正常。

实际发生了什么

供应手指的小血管在寒冷时会收缩,以保持核心体温。在雷诺现象中,这些血管反应过度,收缩程度远超实际需要。这称为血管痉挛。短时间内,极少血液到达手指皮肤:这就是苍白、冰冷、麻木的阶段。随着痉挛缓解,血液回流,手指变蓝,然后变红并恢复温暖。

了解有两种类型是有帮助的。原发性雷诺现象是最常见的类型,本质上是身体对寒冷过度敏感,且无潜在疾病。它通常始于年轻女性,双手受累相对对称,即使令人烦恼,也是无害的。继发性雷诺现象较少见但更为重要,因为此处的血管痉挛与另一种疾病相关,通常是影响结缔组织的疾病,如硬皮病或系统性红斑狼疮。提示为继发性类型的线索包括:成年后发病、仅累及一只手或少数手指而非双手对称受累、发作非常严重、指尖出现疮疡或溃疡,或其他症状如关节痛或皮疹。这些特征值得进行彻底的医学检查。

我们能做什么

对大多数人来说,主要措施简单且有效:保持温暖并避免诱因

  • 提前预防寒冷。 戴手套(连指手套能让手指并拢,更保暖),使用暖手宝,并分层穿衣。保持全身和核心体温温暖与保持手部温暖同样重要;当核心体温温暖时,手指会保持开放状态。
  • 避开突然的寒冷。 伸手进入冰箱或冷冻室时戴手套,提前开启汽车暖风,并将冷饮的罐装或瓶装饮料放在保温套中回温。
  • 戒烟。 吸烟会使血管收缩,加重雷诺现象,戒烟是您能做的最有用的事情之一。
  • 减少咖啡因摄入 以及任何会让您兴奋的东西,因为这两者都可能诱发发作。通过适合您的方式管理压力也有帮助,因为压力本身就会引发血管痉挛。

如果发作频繁、疼痛或严重,有药物可以放松血管并减少发作频率。最常见的是钙通道阻滞剂(如硝苯地平),如果这些药物不适合,还有其他选择。当雷诺现象为继发性时,治疗潜在疾病是计划的重要组成部分,因此获得正确的诊断至关重要。

预期情况

对于绝大多数(原发性雷诺现象患者)而言,这是一种可控的困扰,而非危险。通过合理的保暖和避免诱因,许多人可将发作次数降至最低,并维持正常生活;每次发作后手指可完全恢复,不会造成永久性损害。这往往是一种长期倾向,而非会自行消失的情况,但病情非常可控,当简单措施不足以控制时,可使用药物进行治疗。

继发性雷诺现象需要更密切的关注,因为基础疾病决定了病情走向,在某些情况下,血流减少可能损害指尖皮肤。这正是明确您属于哪种类型非常有价值的原因,以便将适当级别的护理与您的具体情况相匹配。

何时就医

如果出现以下情况,请就医评估:

  • 您的发作开始于较晚的年龄症状严重,或仅影响单只手或少数手指,而非双手对称受累:这些可能是继发性类型的迹象,通常需要进行血液检查并观察指甲根部的小血管。
  • 您出现指尖的疮疡、溃疡、皲裂或皮肤破损,或手指某区域持续呈白色、蓝色、疼痛或麻木,且无法回暖:这需要及时诊治。
  • 您伴有其他症状,如颜色改变:关节疼痛或肿胀、皮疹、口干或眼干、吞咽困难,或手指皮肤紧绷或增厚。
  • 尽管注意保暖并避免诱因,发作仍频繁或疼痛严重,干扰您的日常生活;药物治疗可有所帮助。

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