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肌肉骨骼医学中的肽疗法

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Injectable and regenerative peptide therapies in orthopaedics and sports medicine — what the evidence shows for tendon, cartilage and bone healing, and where the hype outpaces the data.

Updated Sep 2026
一条肽分子链旁边放着一个小药瓶。
肽疗法在促进愈合和恢复方面被大力宣传，但其用于肌肉骨骼问题的证据有限。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

什么是肽疗法

肽疗法使用由基本单位组成的微小链状分子（称为肽），将其注射到受伤的关节或肌腱内或其附近。其设想是，这些肽可以像信使一样发挥作用，促使身体自身的修复过程更加努力地工作。有些肽也作为补充剂出售，通过口服而不是注射使用。

您可能在网上或社交媒体上看到过肽类产品的广告。它们被广泛营销，往往伴随着夸大的宣传，而监管却非常少 [1]。需要了解的是，用于肌肉、肌腱和关节问题的注射用肽疗法在很大程度上仍处于试验阶段 [2]。目前缺乏支持其用于临床治疗的证据 [3]，而且肽类补充剂既不应代替、也不应叠加在您原本会接受的标准骨科治疗之上 [4]。其中一种肽 BPC-157 经常被宣传可提升运动表现和促进恢复，但目前没有任何在人体中进行的随机对照试验 [5]，因此关于它的效果和安全性，科学上尚未确立 [5]。

在实验室和动物研究中，一些肽显示出值得关注的效果。在大鼠肩袖撕裂模型中，某些肽改善了肌腱与骨之间的愈合 [6] [7]。其他基于肽的凝胶在动物模型中帮助了软骨修复 [8] [9] [10]，其中一种在动物严重脊髓损伤中显示出前景 [11]。另外，基于 I 级研究，可以推荐两种称为 BMP 的促进骨愈合的蛋白 [12]（它们是用于骨科手术的生长因子，而不是肽注射剂），它们已获得监管部门批准用于特定的骨折问题 [13]。一种含有透明质酸和肽的乳液，在为期3天的治疗期内，首次涂抹后3小时内即减轻了疼痛和僵硬 [14]。

医生可以向您说明这些治疗目前的状况，以及现有证据支持哪些内容。

它有效吗？

对于大多数肽类治疗，坦白地说，我们目前还不知道。研究还没有跟上营销的步伐。骨科和运动医学的医疗人员被要求了解目前支持肽疗法临床使用的证据是缺乏的 [3]。对于经常被宣传可促进恢复和提升表现的肽 BPC-157，关于其效果如何、是否安全以及何时应当使用，科学证据明显不足 [5]。因此，如果您尝试它，背后并没有可靠的人体试验支持。

另一类用于骨科手术的治疗有更可靠的依据支持。一种促进骨愈合的蛋白（一种 BMP，它是生长因子，而不是肽注射剂）已获得监管部门批准，用于两个特定问题：采用髓内钉（沿骨干置入的金属棒）治疗的开放性胫骨骨折，以及未能愈合的胫骨骨折 [13]。这是一种范围狭窄、定义明确的用途，而不是针对关节和肌腱的一般性修复治疗。

其他研究仍处于实验室阶段。在动物中，一种携带生长相关肽的凝胶保护了神经组织，且引起的炎症极少，这提示未来可能出现治疗严重脊髓损伤的方法 [11]。在一种称为微骨折术的软骨修复技术（在骨上钻出微小的孔以促进愈合）中加入基于肽的凝胶，可能改善软骨愈合的结果 [8]。这些发现只是早期的探索，并不能告诉我们在人体中会发生什么。

人体研究中有一条值得关注的线索。体内存在的两种化学信使——P 物质和另一种肽——在网球肘这种疾病中，于退变更严重的肌腱内含量更高 [15]。这告诉研究人员，肽参与了肌腱问题。但这并不能告诉我们补充更多的肽是否有帮助。

因此，情况好坏参半。促进骨愈合的蛋白并不属于肽类治疗，它们在特定的骨折问题上有已获批准的用途。动物和实验室研究在某些方面很有前景。但对于那些针对肌肉、肌腱和关节不适而营销的注射用肽类治疗，目前还没有可靠的人体试验证明它们有效。如果某家诊所向您提供肽疗法，您完全可以询问有什么证据支持将这种特定治疗用于您的特定问题。

风险有哪些？

坦白地说，目前还没有人知道全部的风险情况。对于大多数肽类治疗，没有可靠的人体试验，因此其副作用从未被正确统计过 [3]。尤其是 BPC-157，其安全性尚未确立 [5]。这一空白本身就是一种风险：您将使用一种危害未知的治疗。

市场上的一些材料完全没有关于软组织或骨骼对其反应的长期数据 [16]。这意味着没有人能告诉您这些物质在多年间会对您的身体产生什么影响，因为相关研究还没有做过。

有几点我们可以说得更有把握。一种含有透明质酸和肽的乳液已在人体中接受检验，并被发现是安全的 [14]。除此之外，相关信息就迅速变得稀少。肽类补充剂的证据太弱，不足以支持将其与标准骨科治疗一起使用 [4]。而且由于肽类产品在网上广泛销售，宣传夸大且监管极少 [1]，产品的实际成分可能与标签所写的不同。

如果您正在考虑肽疗法，需要权衡的主要风险是：营销远远走在科学的前面。请询问有什么证据支持所提供的这种特定治疗，以及关于它在人体中的安全性已知些什么。

这适合您吗？

目前，对于大多数肌肉、肌腱或关节问题，肽疗法都不是我们可以推荐的治疗。证据太少，安全性情况也不完整。如果您有肌腱撕裂、关节炎或愈合缓慢的损伤，还有许多成熟的治疗方法，其背后有更可靠的效果记录。这些方法应当优先考虑。肽疗法充其量只能作为标准治疗的补充，而证据甚至连这一点都不支持 [4]。

少数其他治疗的依据较为可靠。基于 I 级研究，可以推荐两种称为 BMP 的促进骨愈合的蛋白 [12]（它们是用于骨科手术的生长因子，而不是肽注射剂），它们已获批准用于特定的骨折问题。一种肽与透明质酸的乳液已在人体中接受检验并被发现是安全的，能较早缓解疼痛和僵硬 [14]。如果这些狭窄的用途之一适用于您，医生会告诉您。

对于其他所有情况，包括网上宣传可促进恢复和提升表现的肽，您将尝试的是一种背后没有可靠人体试验支持的东西 [5]。您在社交媒体上看到的宣传是夸大的，而且在很大程度上不受监管 [1]。

这应当是您与医生共同做出的决定。请询问有什么证据支持所提供的特定治疗、关于其安全性已知些什么，以及有哪些标准的替代方案。上面的风险部分列出了关于危害已知和未知的内容。如果答案说不通，您完全可以拒绝，并坚持采用已被证实有效的治疗。

核心要点

对于大多数肌肉、肌腱和关节问题，目前还没有可靠的人体试验能够支持肽疗法。营销远远走在科学的前面，安全性情况也不完整。另外，促进骨愈合的蛋白（BMP）并不属于肽治疗，它们在少数特定的骨折问题上有更可靠的依据。如果有人向您提供肽疗法，最需要知道的是：目前还没有人能告诉您它的效果如何，也无法告诉您它长期会对您的身体产生什么影响。请询问有什么证据支持所提供的特定治疗，以及有哪些已被证实有效的替代方案。

参考文献

[1] Paper 32. Performance & Promises: A Social Media Review of Alleged Indications, Risks and Usage of “Peptides” in Musculoskeletal Health. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00290

[2] Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications. JBJS Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027

[3] Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251357593

[4] Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261464420

[5] Injectable Therapeutic Peptides—An Adjunct to Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance?. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.09.005

[6] Effects of BMP-7 and Low Molecular Weight Peptide Solution on Healing in a Rotator Cuff Tear Model: A Histopathological and Biomechanical Study in Rats. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.003

[7] Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptide 2 May Be Associated With Decreased M1 Macrophage Production and Increased Histologic and Biomechanical Tendon‐Bone Healing Properties in a Rat Rotator Cuff Tear Model. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.094

[8] Microfracture Augmentation With Trypsin Pretreatment and Growth Factor–Functionalized Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel Scaffold in an Equine Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/03635465211021798

[9] Effects of the Combination of Microfracture and Self-Assembling Peptide Filling on the Repair of a Clinically Relevant Trochlear Defect in an Equine Model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01408

[10] Self-assembling peptides with hBMP7 biological activity promote the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2022. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03102-8

[11] Biofunctionalized peptide-based hydrogel as an injectable scaffold for BDNF delivery can improve regeneration after spinal cord injury. Injury. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.12.027

[12] Carrier systems and application of growth factors in orthopaedics. Injury. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70014-7

[13] Clinical applications of growth factors in bone injuries: Experience with BMPs. Injury. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70008-1

[14] A pre-market interventional, single-arm clinical investigation of a new topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, EGYFILTM, for the treatment of pain and stiffness in soft tissues. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06903-y

[15] The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04067-1

[16] Biodegradable implants in soft tissue refixation: Experimental evaluation, clinical experience, and future needs. Injury. 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00128-6

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 12 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Injectable peptide therapy may possess significant therapeutic and regenerative potential [1].
  • There is a current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of injectable peptides in orthopaedic and sports medicine [1].
  • Peptide supplements should not currently be recommended as a replacement or adjunct for existing orthopaedic standard of care due to the lack of robust efficacy and safety data [2].
  • Injectable peptides for sports medicine remain largely experimental [4].
  • BMP-2 and BMP-7 are the only growth factors that can be recommended based on level I studies [5].
  • BMP currently has two FDA-approved indications: treatment of open tibial fractures treated with intramedullary fixation and treatment of tibia long bone non-union [6].
  • Peptides are being widely advertised and sold through social media, often with exaggerated claims and minimal regulatory oversight [7].
  • Exosomes offer a promising cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration by overcoming limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis [8].
  • A better understanding of exosome mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before clinical application [8].
  • GLP-1 agonists may not produce sufficient weight loss to achieve body mass index cutoffs for total joint arthroplasty depending on individual patient factors, including starting bodyweight [9].
  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as trypsin pretreatment and growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes [10].
  • The use of BPC-157 for sports performance and recovery is not recommended because there are no randomized controlled trials investigating its use in human subjects [11].
  • The science is clearly lacking to determine the overall effectiveness, safety profile, and clinical indications for BPC-157 in sports enhancement in athletes [11].
  • Various materials are on the market for which no clinical or experimental long-term data on soft tissue or bone reaction is available [12].
  • Loss of function in musculoskeletal tissues initiates from either a failure of the cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) or as a consequence of material failure of the ECM itself [24].
  • Advances in the identification of candidate therapeutic cell populations and the development of new biomaterials have occurred over the last three decades to address degenerative processes in musculoskeletal tissues [24].
  • Therapeutic cell populations and biomaterials can be applied alone or in combination to promote healing that alters the trajectory of disease or potentially replace an entire tissue when damage has progressed to later stages [24].

How It Works

Clinical Status and Recommendations

  • Orthopaedic and sports medicine providers must understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of peptide therapy, despite its potential therapeutic and regenerative properties [1].
  • The science is lacking to determine the overall effectiveness, safety profile, and clinical indications for BPC-157 in sports enhancement in athletes [11].
  • Peptides are widely advertised and sold through social media, often with exaggerated claims and minimal regulatory oversight [7].

Growth Factors and BMPs

  • Only BMP-2 and BMP-7 can be recommended based on level I studies [5].
  • BMP-7 application significantly enhances the quality of tendon-to-bone healing by promoting structural maturation and functional stability in a rat rotator cuff tear model [18].

Mechanistic and Preclinical Findings

  • GHRP-2 administration reduced M1 macrophage polarization and enhanced histologic and biomechanical tendon-bone healing properties in a rat rotator cuff tear model [19].
  • Functionalized self-assembled peptides promote the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells [20].
  • Axon preservation and minimal inflammation were observed in animals treated with BDNF-incorporated hydrogel, indicating potential for further evaluations in severe spinal cord injury therapies [21].
  • Exosomes offer a cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration by overcoming limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis [8].
  • A better understanding of exosome mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before their clinical application [8].
  • Treatment of defects with only KLD or with only microfracture resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms compared with no treatment in an equine model [14].
  • The improvement in clinical symptoms from KLD or microfracture treatment likely resulted from different causes depending on the specific treatment used [14].

Adjunctive and Topical Applications

  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as those using trypsin pretreatment and growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes [10].
  • EGYFIL, a topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment [16].
  • Reduction in pain and stiffness with EGYFIL occurs already after 3 h from the first application [16].

Adjunctive Pharmacology

What the Evidence Shows

Clinical Status and Recommendations

  • Orthopaedic and sports medicine providers must understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of peptide therapy [1].

Regulatory and Market Context

Growth Factors and BMPs

Experimental and Preclinical Findings

  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as trypsin pretreatment and growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes in an equine model [10].

Topical and Adjunctive Applications

  • EGYFIL, a topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment, already after 3 h from the first application [16].

Mechanistic Associations

  • The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis [30].

Practical Considerations

  • Orthopaedic and sports medicine providers must understand the current lack of evidence supporting the clinical use of peptide therapies [1].
  • Peptide supplements should not be recommended as a replacement or adjunct for existing orthopaedic standard of care due to a lack of robust efficacy and safety data [2].
  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as those using growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes [10].
  • Treatment of defects with only KLD or with only microfracture resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms compared with no treatment [14].
  • EGYFIL is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment, already after 3 h from the first application [16].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] While peptide therapy may possess significant therapeutic and regenerative potential, it is critical that orthopaedic and sports medicine providers understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of these peptides. [1] (10.1177/03635465251357593)
  • [L5] Because of the lack of robust efficacy and safety data, peptide supplements should not currently be recommended as a replacement or adjunct for existing orthopaedic standard of care. [2] (10.1177/03635465261464420)
  • [L5] Injectable peptides for sports medicine remain largely experimental. [4] (10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027)
  • [Paper] Today only BMP-2 and BMP-7 can be recommended based on level I studies. [5] (10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70014-7)
  • [Paper] The use of BMP currently has two FDA-approved indications: treatment of open tibial fractures treated with intramedullary fixation and treatment of tibia long bone non-union. [6] (10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70008-1)
  • [Paper] Peptides are being widely advertised and sold through social media, often with exaggerated claims and minimal regulatory oversight. [7] (10.1177/2325967126s00290)
  • [L5] Exosomes offer a promising cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration by overcoming limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis, though a better understanding of their mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before clinical application. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016)
  • [Paper] While efficacious, GLP-1 agonists may not produce sufficient weight loss to achieve body mass index cutoffs for total joint arthroplasty depending on individual patient factors, including starting bodyweight. [9] (10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00167)
  • [L5] Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as those presented in this study, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes. [10] (10.1177/03635465211021798)
  • [L5] The authors do not recommend the use of BPC-157 for sports performance and recovery because there are no randomized controlled trials investigating its use in human subjects, and the science is clearly lacking to determine the overall effectiveness, safety profile, and clinical indications for sports enhancement in athletes. [11] (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.09.005)
  • [Paper] However, various materials are on the market for which no clinical or experimental long-term data on soft tissue or bone reaction is available. [12] (10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00128-6)
  • [L5] Treatment of defects with only KLD or with only microfracture resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms compared with no treatment; the improvement likely resulted from different causes depending on the treatment. [14] (10.2106/jbjs.m.01408)
  • [L4] EGYFIL is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment, already after 3 h from the first application. [16] (10.1186/s12891-023-06903-y)
  • [L5] BMP-7 application significantly enhances the quality of tendon-to-bone healing by promoting structural maturation and functional stability. [18] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.003)
  • [L5] GHRP-2 administration reduced M1 macrophage polarization and enhanced histologic and biomechanical tendon-bone healing properties in a rat rotator cuff tear model. [19] (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.094)
  • [L5] The functionalized self-assembled peptide promotes the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells. [20] (10.1186/s13018-022-03102-8)
  • [L5] Although locomotor functional recovery was not observed, axon preservation and minimal inflammation in animals treated with BDNF-incorporated hydrogel indicate the potentiality of the designed intervention for further evaluations in the path of developing efficient therapies for severe spinal cord injury. [21] (10.1016/j.injury.2018.12.027)
  • [Paper] The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis. [30] (10.1186/s12891-021-04067-1)

References

[1] Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251357593

[2] Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261464420

[4] Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications. JBJS Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027

[5] Carrier systems and application of growth factors in orthopaedics. Injury. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70014-7

[6] Clinical applications of growth factors in bone injuries: Experience with BMPs. Injury. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70008-1

[7] Paper 32. Performance & Promises: A Social Media Review of Alleged Indications, Risks and Usage of “Peptides” in Musculoskeletal Health. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00290

[8] The Role of Exosomes in Upper-Extremity Tissue Regeneration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016

[9] Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists. JBJS Reviews. 2024. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00167

[10] Microfracture Augmentation With Trypsin Pretreatment and Growth Factor–Functionalized Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel Scaffold in an Equine Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/03635465211021798

[11] Injectable Therapeutic Peptides—An Adjunct to Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance?. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.09.005

[12] Biodegradable implants in soft tissue refixation: Experimental evaluation, clinical experience, and future needs. Injury. 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00128-6

[14] Effects of the Combination of Microfracture and Self-Assembling Peptide Filling on the Repair of a Clinically Relevant Trochlear Defect in an Equine Model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01408

[16] A pre-market interventional, single-arm clinical investigation of a new topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, EGYFILTM, for the treatment of pain and stiffness in soft tissues. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06903-y

[18] Effects of BMP-7 and Low Molecular Weight Peptide Solution on Healing in a Rotator Cuff Tear Model: A Histopathological and Biomechanical Study in Rats. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.003

[19] Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptide 2 May Be Associated With Decreased M1 Macrophage Production and Increased Histologic and Biomechanical Tendon‐Bone Healing Properties in a Rat Rotator Cuff Tear Model. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.094

[20] Self-assembling peptides with hBMP7 biological activity promote the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2022. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03102-8

[21] Biofunctionalized peptide-based hydrogel as an injectable scaffold for BDNF delivery can improve regeneration after spinal cord injury. Injury. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.12.027

[24] Orthopaedic Basic Science Fifth Edition Print Ebook. Cells and Materials for Soft-Tissue Repair and Regeneration > Introduction.

[30] The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04067-1

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