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全肩关节置换术

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Total shoulder replacement for severe arthritis — stemless options if rotator cuff is intact.

Updated Aug 2026
图示:一名患者手臂置于吊带中,物理治疗师正在调整吊带带子。
全肩关节置换术:将金属球固定于肱骨,并将塑料关节盂锚定于肩胛骨——以重建自然的球窝关节形态。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

为何建议进行此手术

本页面反映了罗克汉普顿 Mater 私人医院上肢外科医生 Kieran Hirpara 博士在诊所中对此类手术的处理方式。当磨损性关节炎或损伤导致疼痛和僵硬,进而限制您的日常生活时,我们建议进行全肩关节置换术。您通常通过全科医生或物理治疗师的转诊来到我们的诊所。我们会评估您的病史,检查您的肩部,并审查影像学资料以确诊。

对于长期存在的磨损,我们通常首先尝试非手术治疗。这包括调整活动方式、物理治疗和注射治疗。当这些措施未能带来足够改善时,我们会考虑手术。对于某些结构性问题,可能会建议尽早进行手术。该手术用人工部件替换受损的关节面,以缓解疼痛并恢复活动功能。大多数患者在术后能恢复基本力量和活动范围。

手术前

我们通过一个常规切口为您准备安全的手术。您必须在术前禁食,并按照外科医生的指示停用某些药物。请安排人接送回家,并携带一份您目前的药物清单,穿着舒适的衣物。我们可能会在术前安排X光、MRI、血液检查或麻醉评估。这些检查有助于我们了解您的骨质状况和整体健康状况。这确保我们为您的肩部选择合适的手术方案。您的外科医生将提供关于暂停哪些药物的具体指示。遵循这些步骤有助于降低风险并支持更顺利的康复。我们将全程指导您完成这些准备工作。

手术当天

您将于当天抵达医院办理入院和登记手续。我们的团队将指导您完成最后的准备工作。该手术将在全身麻醉联合区域神经阻滞下进行。手术期间您将完全入睡,而神经阻滞(在苏醒前注射以阻断支配手臂的神经)可在术后最初 12 至 24 小时内提供镇痛效果。麻醉医师将在手术前与您会面,并向您详细说明这两个部分。

我们采用肩部上方的单一常规切口进行此手术。准备就绪后,您将被转移至手术室。术后,您将在我们的复苏区苏醒。医护人员将密切监测您的舒适度和生命体征。在麻醉效果消退期间,您可以休息。离院前,我们将为您提供清晰的后续步骤指导。

手术内容

您的外科医生会在您肩部前方做一个长约 8 至 10 厘米的切口。这种开放入路可为关节提供清晰的视野。我们小心地将肌肉移开,以暴露磨损的骨骼和软骨。您的外科医生会切除这些受损表面。随后,关节将被金属和塑料部件替换。这些组件将牢固地固定于您的骨骼上,以恢复平滑的活动。

我们会用缝线或钉合器闭合切口,并敷上敷料以保护该区域。该手术通常耗时 1 至 2 小时。这段时间用于仔细安置新的关节部件。

门诊全肩关节置换术是适合特定患者的安全选择。这意味着您可以在当天回家。与住院相比,它可降低费用并提高便利性。您的外科医生将讨论这种模式是否适合您。

康复旨在缓解疼痛并改善功能。我们将指导您进行保护新关节的锻炼。一些较新的方案允许术后立即活动。然而,我们会根据您的具体需求和安全情况进行个性化调整。手术过程中的严格技术对于获得可靠结果至关重要。这包括肩袖肌肉的正确修复和肱骨假体柄的正确位置。

术后

您将在恢复室苏醒,并接受疼痛管理。我们会用吊带支撑您的肩膀,并在切口处覆盖敷料。大多数患者在此手术后需住院一晚,但部分患者可在当天回家。您必须在术后24小时内由他人陪同照顾。本手术采用开放入路,在手术部位做单一常规切口。在佩戴吊带期间,以及在任何肩部手术后至少六周内,您均不得驾驶车辆,无论哪一侧手臂接受了手术。经您的外科医生许可后(通常在六周复查时),您可恢复驾驶。请阅读我们关于上肢手术后驾驶的指南以获取完整详情。

恢复过程

您的肩部将有一个切口。在最初几天,肿胀和僵硬是正常的。您的手臂将用吊带固定以保护修复部位。我们会通过处方止痛药确保您的舒适。随着肿胀消退,剧烈的酸痛通常会逐渐转变为钝痛。

您的物理治疗师将指导您的康复过程。您会尽早开始轻柔的活动以防止僵硬。这些练习旨在恢复关节活动度和力量。在您的外科医生另有指示之前,您在日常活动中必须佩戴吊带。避免使用患侧手臂进行提举、推动或拉拽。起初睡眠可能会困难;用枕头垫高上半身通常会有所帮助。

随着关节活动度的恢复,您将逐渐恢复轻度的家务活动。在您的外科医生许可且力量改善后,您可以重返工作或参与体育运动。佩戴吊带期间禁止驾驶。我们的政策规定,无论哪一侧手臂接受了手术,肩部手术后至少六周内不得驾驶。只有当您的外科医生许可后(通常在六周复查时),您才可以驾驶。详情请参阅我们关于上肢手术后驾驶的指南。

恢复情况因人而异。您的恢复时间表可能有所不同;您的外科医生和物理治疗师将根据您的进展为您提供指导。

可能出现的并发症

大多数患者恢复良好,但偶尔也会出现一些问题。您的外科医生和医疗团队会密切监测您,以便尽早发现任何异常。

感染是一个严重的风险。您可能会注意到伤口周围出现扩散的红斑、局部皮温升高或脓性分泌物。一种深部的、搏动性疼痛,且普通止痛药无法缓解,也是感染的征兆。您可能会出现发热或全身不适。如果出现这些迹象,请立即致电诊所或前往急诊科。早期治疗对于保护您的新关节至关重要。

出血有时会在皮下形成隆起。这称为假性动脉瘤。您可能会感觉到搏动性肿块,或注意到切口附近突然肿胀。这种情况虽不常见,但有可能发生。如果您感觉到新的搏动性肿块,请立即联系您的外科医生。

您的肩部可能会感到不稳定或脱位。这称为脱位。您可能会听到巨大的弹响,或感觉到关节突然移位。手臂可能会感到无力或无法正常活动。如果发生这种情况,请勿尝试强行复位。请立即寻求紧急医疗帮助,以便安全地进行复位。

植入物周围可能发生骨折。这称为假体周围骨折。在轻微碰撞或跌倒后,您可能会感到尖锐且突然的疼痛。肿胀和瘀伤通常会迅速出现。如果您怀疑发生骨折,请保持手臂静止,并寻求紧急医疗护理。

如果您服用某些药物,您的凝血水平可能会受到影响。国际标准化比值(INR)水平升高会增加并发症风险。如果您正在服用抗凝药物或睾酮,请告知您的外科医生。他们会在术前检查您的相关指标,以确保您的安全。

部分患者由于年龄或健康状况,面临更高的风险。老年人或来自高社会剥夺地区的人群可能面临更高的骨折或脱位风险。吸烟也会影响愈合。请如实告知您的健康状况,以便我们为您制定最佳的治疗方案。

本页的并发症表格列出了典型的发生率,供您参考具体数据。

何时联系我们

如果您出现发热、伤口红肿加重或分泌物增多,或突发剧烈疼痛,请立即联系我们。如发现小腿肿胀或呼吸困难,请前往急诊。如出现感觉丧失或肢体无法活动,请立即寻求紧急医疗救助。这些症状需要立即评估,以确保您的康复进程不受影响。


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