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全肩关节置换术

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Total shoulder replacement for severe arthritis — stemless options if rotator cuff is intact.

Updated May 2026
插图展示了一位患者将手臂置于吊带中,物理治疗师正在调整吊带带子的场景。
全肩关节置换术:将金属球固定于肱骨,并将塑料关节盂锚定于肩胛骨——以重建自然的球窝关节形态。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

为何建议进行此手术

全肩关节置换术(也称为关节置换术)是一种用于修复受损肩关节的手术。您的外科医生可能建议您进行此手术,原因是您患有因磨损导致的骨关节炎或肩关节不稳,且经过物理治疗等非手术治疗后未见改善。大多数接受该手术的患者在术后功能持续改善,疼痛得到缓解。

此手术通常适用于需要更好稳定性和活动范围的患者。尽管男性和女性的手术效果相似,但您的外科医生在推荐置换类型时可能会考虑您的年龄及肩部的具体情况。手术的主要目标是缓解疼痛,并恢复您手臂的自由活动能力。

手术前

您需要在手术前禁食,并按照外科医生的指示停用某些药物。请安排一位值得信赖的人开车送您回家,并在手术当天穿着舒适的衣物。您的外科医生可能会在术前安排X线检查、MRI扫描、血液检查或麻醉评估。这些检查有助于您的医疗团队了解您的骨质量和整体健康状况,从而安全地制定护理计划。您应携带当前所有药物的完整清单前往就诊。这些准备工作确保您为单切口手术做好准备,并支持平稳的康复过程。

手术当天

您抵达医院后,将在手术前与麻醉医生会面。本手术采用全身麻醉联合区域神经阻滞。手术过程中您将完全入睡,而神经阻滞(在苏醒前注射以麻醉支配手臂的神经)可在术后最初 12 至 24 小时内提供镇痛效果。麻醉医生将在术前与您会面,并详细解释这两个部分。

您的外科医生将通过肩部上方的单个开放切口进行手术。随后,您将转入复苏区安全苏醒。在神经阻滞的帮助下,大多数患者会觉得最初几个小时是可以忍受的。您将留在复苏区,直到医疗团队确认您生命体征稳定且舒适。

手术内容

您的外科医生将在肩部前方做一个切口以进入关节。这种开放入路允许对肩部结构进行直接操作。在关节内部,外科医生会移除磨损的关节面,并用金属和塑料部件替换,以恢复平滑的运动。如果您有肩袖撕裂,外科医生可能会使用小型锚钉将撕裂的肌腱重新固定到骨头上,从而进行修复。

外科医生会将新的关节组件固定在您的骨头上,以确保其稳定。一旦置换完成,切口会用缝线闭合。随后,您的外科医生会敷上敷料以保护该区域。虽然存在机器人辅助选项,但本手术采用标准外科技术进行。所选植入物的具体类型和入路方式取决于您肩部的状况以及外科医生的评估。

该手术旨在缓解疼痛并改善您手臂的活动能力。对于部分患者,外科医生可能会采用反式全肩关节置换术,其关节工作原理与标准置换术有所不同。在这两种类型之间的选择取决于您的肩袖是否完整或撕裂。您的外科医生会选择最适合您需求的方法。

术后

您将在复苏室苏醒,在那里通过常规药物控制疼痛。您的肩部会用敷料包裹,并由吊带或支具固定。您不会独处;术后24小时内必须有人陪伴。大多数患者在此手术后需住院一晚,但部分患者可于当天出院。您的外科医生在肩部位置采用单一开放切口。早期活动是安全的,并有助于您的康复。您将开始进行轻柔的锻炼,以改善活动范围和力量。

恢复

在最初几天,您会感到肩部周围有酸痛和肿胀。这是正常的,因为您的身体正在从关节上方的开放性切口愈合。您的外科医生会指导您使用冰敷和药物来缓解这种不适。在肩部稳定期间,您需要佩戴吊带以保护肩部。

您的日常活动将侧重于物理治疗师处方的轻柔活动和特定练习。您将从简单的动作开始,以恢复活动范围,同时避免提重物或突然拉扯。随着肿胀消退,您将逐渐增加活动量。一旦您的肩部感觉稳定且有力,您便可以恢复运动和休闲活动。

恢复是一个个性化的过程。您的恢复时间可能与他人不同,您的外科医生和物理治疗师将指导您完成每一步,以确保肩部获得最佳效果。

可能出现的并发症

大多数患者恢复良好,但偶尔也会出现一些问题。您的外科医生和医疗团队会密切监测您的情况,以便尽早发现任何问题。

如果您之前有肩关节不稳病史,您可能会注意到随着时间的推移,您的肩部感觉有所改善,但仍可能感觉有些松动。如果您需要进行二次手术来修复之前的手术,如果关节再次变得不稳定,您可能会感到咔哒声或研磨感。这是翻修手术后常见的挑战。

您可能会注意到伤口周围突然出现肿胀、发红或发热扩散。这些迹象可能意味着感染正在发生。如果您看到这些变化,请立即致电您的诊所。不要等到下次预约。

如果您感到剧烈的、搏动性的疼痛,且普通止痛药无法缓解,或者您的肩部突然看起来畸形,您可能发生了骨折。如果您超过 90 岁或居住在高度社会剥夺地区,这种情况更有可能发生。如果发生这种情况,请立即前往急诊科。

一些患者会感到突然的弹响或关节脱位的感觉。这称为脱位。如果您遇到这种情况,您需要紧急医疗救助以将肩关节复位。

如果您正在服用睾酮,您可能会注意到感染迹象或比预期更早需要再次手术。如果您骨质薄弱,您的外科医生可能会开具药物以帮助防止植入物松动。如果不进行这种治疗,植入物可能会随着时间的推移而松动。

如果您非常活跃,并从事对肩部要求较高的体育运动,您可能会发现很难恢复这些活动。在尝试提重物后,您的肩部可能会感到疲劳或疼痛。

本页的并发症表格列出了典型的发生率,如果您需要具体数据,请参阅该表格。

何时联系我们

如果您出现发热、伤口红肿加重或渗出,或突发剧烈疼痛,请立即联系您的主刀医生。若出现小腿肿胀、呼吸困难、感觉丧失或无法活动手臂,请立即前往急诊室。这些症状需要紧急评估,以保障您的康复。


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