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舟月韧带损伤

A tear of the key ligament linking two wrist bones — how it is diagnosed, why it matters, and the repair or reconstruction options.

跌倒时手掌撑地,因疼痛而紧握手腕后侧的人。
舟月韧带损伤通常继发于跌倒时手掌撑地,疼痛感位于腕背侧。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

大多数人最初注意到这一症状是在手掌撑地跌倒之后,这是典型的“用手撑住身体”的跌倒姿势,同样会导致手腕骨折。疼痛位于手腕背侧,通常略偏向拇指一侧,且在通过手部进行推、抓握或承重时往往会加剧:例如做俯卧撑、从椅子上撑起身体、推开沉重的门或提起水壶。

手腕常感觉无力且不可靠。有些人在以特定方式活动手腕时,会描述出咔哒声、钝响或卡顿感,仿佛内部有东西在移位。可能会有轻微肿胀,且手腕背侧两个小腕骨之间的特定部位在按压时通常会有压痛。早期很容易将其视为“就是不好”的扭伤而置之不理,而这恰恰是一个陷阱:所涉及的韧带无法自行愈合。

实际发生了什么

您的手腕是由八块小骨组成的集群,这些骨骼依靠短而坚韧的韧带保持精确的对齐。其中最重要的一条是舟月韧带,它将手腕中央的两块骨骼(舟骨和月骨)连接在一起。它的作用就像拱顶石,使整个腕骨能够作为一个协调的整体运动。

当该韧带撕裂时,这两块骨骼之间的连接便丧失。舟骨向前倾斜,骨骼开始偏离其正常对齐位置。起初,这可能仅在手腕处于特定位置并受力时显现(一种“动态”问题);随着时间的推移,间隙可能变得固定(一种“静态”问题)。即使疼痛轻微,我们仍对此高度重视,原因在于长期影响:骨骼不再正确对齐的手腕会磨损不均,经过数年,这种异常负荷会磨损软骨,并导致特定模式的手腕关节炎。早期治疗韧带实际上是为了预防这种情况的发生。

我们如何处理该问题

Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton 的上肢外科医生 Kieran Hirpara 博士指导我们诊所对该疾病的管理方案。患者通常由其全科医生(GP)转诊至我们诊所;如果物理治疗师建议您就诊,您仍需获得全科医生的转诊,才有资格享受 Medicare 报销。这使我们能够首先对您的病史、体格检查和影像学资料进行全面评估。由于近期撕裂通常可以直接修复,我们力求对新发损伤进行及时评估;陈旧性损伤的处理方式则有所不同,详见下文。

正确的治疗方案在很大程度上取决于受伤发生的时间以及骨骼是否仍然对位,因此获得准确的诊断至关重要。我们通常将体格检查与 X 光片(有时包括在握拳状态下拍摄的“应力”位特殊视图)相结合,并经常进行 MRI 检查。直接观察韧带的可靠方法是腕关节镜(微创内窥镜手术),该手术既是确诊手段,在许多情况下也是治疗手段。

  • 近期损伤中韧带仍可修复的情况是最理想的。撕裂的韧带会被缝合固定(越来越多地采用微创技术),有时会用邻近组织进行加固,并在愈合期间用临时钢丝将骨骼保持在正确位置。
  • 陈旧性损伤中韧带已无法简单修复,但骨骼仍可被引导回对位的情况,通常通过重建韧带进行治疗。外科医生会使用您自身的一条肌腱或邻近组织,将其编织就位以恢复连接,并将舟骨拉回直立位置。
  • 长期存在的损伤中骨骼僵硬且处于不良位置,或已出现关节炎的情况,已超出修复或重建的范围。此时我们转向挽救性手术,旨在通过融合或移除选定的小骨,为您提供一个强壮且疼痛大幅减轻的腕部,以牺牲部分活动度为代价换取持久的舒适感。

对于未引起症状的轻微、偶然发现的病例,有时只需观察,并通过手部治疗来增强有助于稳定腕部的肌肉。

预期情况

这是一种早期发现获益极大的腕部损伤。对于新鲜撕裂进行修复,或对可复位的损伤进行重建,目标是获得一个稳定且舒适的腕关节,使您能够恢复大多数活动。尽管丧失部分极限活动范围属于正常现象,且恢复期以月计而非周计,但术后您需经历一段石膏或支具固定期,待修复组织愈合,随后进入结构化的手部康复训练计划,以恢复活动度和力量。若使用了克氏针,通常在数周后于手术室中取出。

坦诚而言:没有任何手术能使腕关节完全恢复至伤前状态,且损伤处理越早,效果通常越好。若已进展至挽救性手术阶段,权衡是真实存在但值得的:疼痛显著减少,腕关节功能可靠,代价是存在一定僵硬度。最关键的是根据您特定的损伤情况选择合适的手术方案,这需要充分、恰当的医患沟通。

何时就医

  • 跌倒后数周,手腕持续疼痛、无力或出现“咔哒”声,尤其是手腕背侧在推压或抓握时疼痛。 不要想当然地认为顽固的“扭伤”是无害的。
  • 您曾手腕骨折(桡骨远端骨折),且骨骼愈合后手腕仍有酸痛或不稳感。 这些韧带损伤常伴随发生,且容易被漏诊。
  • 持续存在的“咔哒”声、卡顿感或手腕失稳感。
  • 已知舟月韧带损伤,出现新发或加重的疼痛,或无法消退的肿胀: 建议在病情进展前重新评估。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的范围。舟月韧带损伤值得额外阅读,因为它是手腕损伤中“问题严重程度”与“解决方案效果”之间差距最大的类型,且文献对此有明确表述。

为何一条小韧带如此重要

舟骨和月骨并排位于腕骨第一排,由一条短的骨间韧带连接。它们的形态决定了在负重时倾向于向相反方向旋转:舟骨倾向于屈曲,月骨倾向于伸展,而韧带正是抵抗这种趋势、将二者维系在一起的结构。

当韧带失效时,两块骨骼会分离并相互背离旋转。由于整个腕骨作为一个联动系统运动,这会改变腕部负重的传递方式,而改变后的接触面会按照一个公认的序列逐渐磨损关节,即舟月骨先进塌陷模式。

这对患者而言是一个关键点:未治疗的完全撕裂并非一种会自行稳定或保持稳定的状态。它是可预测的关节炎过程的初始阶段,这正是为何需要关注那些起初可能并不特别疼痛的损伤的原因。

重建术式尚未被区分开来

对于慢性损伤,存在多种手术方式,这本身就具有提示意义。在比较慢性舟月骨间韧带断裂的多种技术时,针对 978 例患者,腱固定重建在影像学测量指标上,其舟月骨间隙和角度的改善显著优于关节囊固定术,现有数据显示腱固定术具有一定优势 [1]。

然而,影像学上的改善并不等同于临床上的优越性,且更广泛的综述直言不讳。在针对 342 例慢性非关节炎性舟月骨分离的研究中,由于数据收集的异质性、缺乏对比研究以及随访时间较短,无法得出任何单一技术具有优越性的结论,作者呼吁开展更长期的对比研究 以及自然病程研究 [2]。

缺失的自然史才是真正的空白

最后这一要求并不寻常,值得深入探讨。要求开展自然史研究,意味着该领域尚无法可靠地知晓未治疗的舟月韧带损伤的自然病程:有多少患者会进展为关节炎、进展的时间尺度如何,以及具体是哪些患者会出现这种情况。

缺乏这一数据,就无法量化治疗获益这一侧的方程。我们已知关节炎序列确实会发生,但不知道其在多大比例的患者中出现,以及进展速度如何。因此,任何声称重建手术“预防关节炎”的说法,都是基于机制的推断,而非已证实的临床结局。

由此可得出两点结论。时机至关重要:在组织仍具可修复性且骨骼仍可复位时早期修复韧带,与数年后进行重建手术,是完全不同的命题。此外,此处的建议更多依赖于个体化的临床发现,而非试验证据,因为可供引用的试验证据目前尚不存在。

当病程已进展至后期

一旦关节炎形成,重建性问题即告终结,取而代之的是挽救性决策, 最常见的选择是在切除近排腕骨与融合其中四块腕骨之间进行取舍。 这些选项及其比较证据详见 SLAC/SNAC 腕关节页面, 而非本页。

参考文献

[1] Daly LT, Daly MC, Mohamadi A, Chen N. 慢性舟月骨间韧带断裂:手术治疗系统综述与荟萃分析。Hand (N Y). 2018;15(1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558944718787289

[2] Naqui Z, Khor WS, Mishra A, Lees V, Muir L. 慢性非关节炎性舟月骨分离的处理:系统综述。J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2017;43(4):394-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193417734990


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