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缝合锚钉及修复组织如何固定于骨面

Illustration: shoulder

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

什么是缝线锚

缝线锚是一种小型器械,用于将缝线固定在骨骼中。它解决了仅靠缝线无法解决的问题:您可以将软组织缝合到软组织上,但无法将软组织直接缝合到骨骼上。锚钉为缝线提供了抓附点。

肩部几乎每一种修复手术都会使用它。无论是将肩袖肌腱重新附着,还是将撕裂的盂唇复位回关节盂边缘,抑或是脱位后将韧带重新附着——在每种情况下,都会将锚钉植入骨骼,并将缝线穿过组织后打结固定。

从长远来看,锚钉并非维持修复结构完整性的关键。它的作用是在骨骼与组织生物学愈合所需的数周内,将组织稳定地固定在骨骼上。一旦愈合完成,连接处即为活体组织,而非硬件。

材质构成

多年来,锚钉由多种不同材料制成,该领域的发展遵循了较为清晰的顺序。

最早使用的是金属——通常为钛合金。其固定效果极佳,但会永久留在骨骼中,并在之后的每次X光检查中显影,这使得后续影像的判读更为困难。

随后出现了可生物吸收锚钉,由设计为在数年内溶解的聚合物制成。其初衷合理,但早期部分材料降解不可预测,可能在骨骼中留下空腔或引发炎症。

PEEK——一种高强度医用级塑料——目前被广泛使用。它不会溶解,但在X光下不显影,且其刚度比金属更接近骨骼。

全缝线锚钉是最新的技术,目前已在肩部手术中广泛应用。其完全无刚性实体:一小段缝线材料被置入一个狭窄的孔道中,然后收紧,使其在骨内皱缩并产生抓握力。所需的孔道比实心锚钉小得多,因此去除的骨量显著减少。

缝线本身的变化与锚钉同样显著。现代缝线由极高强度的聚乙烯纤维编织而成,其强度现已超过其所固定的肌腱。

您的外科医生如何使用它

锚钉用于几种差异较大的肩部手术,且外科医生在每种手术中试图达成的目标各不相同。

肩袖修复

此处的工作是将一条宽阔、平坦的肌腱固定在同样宽阔的骨面上——即附着点(footprint)——以便两者能在整个表面上愈合连接。

安排这一结构有多种合理的方式,且不同外科医生之间的做法存在差异。单排修复是在肌腱应坐落的骨缘处放置一排锚钉。双排或缝合桥结构则在骨面更下方增加第二排,使得内排缝线向外延伸并跨越肌腱张紧,从而将宽阔的表面平压于骨面,而非仅在几个点上进行固定。

人们认为第二种结构有利于愈合,且随访扫描中确实显示出更少的再撕裂——但正如以下证据所示,这种优势在扫描图像上比在肩关节的实际感觉上表现得更为可靠。具体采用哪种方式取决于撕裂的大小和形状、骨和肌腱的质量,以及个体外科医生的判断和训练。

盂唇修复

盂唇是环绕肩关节盂边缘的一圈软骨。它并非附着于平坦表面,而是重新固定于关节盂的边缘,因此所使用的锚钉较小,并置于关节盂边缘周围,通常为三至四枚,缝合线穿过盂唇以将其拉回贴附于骨面。

此修复术用于脱位后肩关节不稳,此时盂唇已从关节盂前缘撕裂。由于关节盂较小且骨质较薄,此处对锚钉尺寸及每枚锚钉所占骨质量的要求高于肩部其他几乎所有部位——这也是全缝线锚钉在该手术中被迅速广泛采用的原因之一。

肱二头肌腱固定术(环扣与锚钉)

有时,肱二头肌长头肌腱会从关节内部松解,并在稍低的位置重新固定于臂骨上。此处的要求再次有所不同:既非将肌腱铺展于骨面,亦非重建骨缘,而是在肌腱愈合入骨的过程中,于单点牢固地固定这一条索状肌腱。

实现这一目标的一种直接方法通常被称为环扣与锚钉(loop and tack)。缝线环绕肌腱穿过并自锁,从而像套索一样抓握肌腱,而非依赖缝线穿过肌腱纤维。随后,该环扣通过一枚小型锚钉固定于骨面。

另一种替代方法是将肌腱楔入钻孔形成的骨槽中,并用螺钉固定。环扣与锚钉技术避免了钻取如此大尺寸的骨槽,因此骨量去除更少,且对肌腱的抓持力来源于环扣式缝线,而非螺钉产生的压迫力。

关于结的说明

在上述任何修复中,缝线可通过打结固定,或由锚内置的锁定机制固定,从而无需打结。两种方式均在常规临床中使用,且现有证据未显示任一方式优于另一方式。

预期情况

锚钉会永久留存。 愈合完成后无需取出,也没有必要取出。 取出锚钉意味着需要再次手术,且会带走部分骨质。

它们不会触发机场安检扫描仪。 全缝线锚钉和PEEK锚钉完全不含金属。 即使是钛合金锚钉,其尺寸也远不足以触发通过式金属探测器。

您可以进行MRI检查。 目前使用的锚钉均符合MRI安全标准。金属锚钉可能会在锚钉附近的图像上造成局部模糊,这是新型材料的一项实用优势——如果您的肩部日后需要再次影像学检查,扫描图像将更易于判读。

限制您康复进程的不是锚钉。 锚钉在植入的那一刻起即已固定牢固;需要数月时间的是肌腱与骨组织的愈合过程,而您的悬吊带佩戴及康复时间表正是为了保护这一过程。康复进程遵循手术本身的恢复时间线,因此请参阅您具体手术项目的页面。

偶尔可能会出现锚钉松动或脱出的情况,最常见于骨质较软的患者。这种情况并不常见,这也是根据骨质状况选择锚钉类型的原因之一。

证据表明

客观的总结是:锚钉效果良好,且不同类型和技术之间的差异小于相关文献所暗示的程度。

在测试和患者中,全缝线锚钉的固定效果与实心锚钉相当,同时去除的骨量更少——这是转向使用全缝线锚钉的主要原因。尽管新型缝线带与传统圆形缝线相比在理论上具有合理性,但比较并未显示出明确的临床优势。打结和使用无结设计的效果大致相同。

双排修复似乎确实提高了随访扫描中肌腱与骨愈合的可能性,但这并未转化为肩关节感觉和功能上的明确差异。扫描结果与患者报告之间的这种差距是肩关节外科中反复出现的主题。

在材料方面,证据确实呈现一边倒:早期可吸收锚钉产生的问题明显多于后来取代它们的材料,因此它们已 largely 不再使用。

如果您想了解细节——锚钉是如何发展的、缝线实际上是由什么制成的,以及所有这些与在骨中钻孔并穿过缝线的传统技术相比如何——请参阅以下章节。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的范围。锚钉值得额外阅读,因为它们是肩关节外科中工程发展超越生物学的最清晰例证:四十多年来,固定方式已变得远为牢固,而失效的部位也随之不断转移,从缝线,到锚钉,再到肌腱本身。

锚钉解决的问题

肌腱与肌腱的缝合很直接。肌腱与骨的缝合则不然,因为骨无法承受缝线,缝线会直接切穿骨表面。

最初的解决方案是骨隧道修复:在骨上钻出隧道,将缝线穿过隧道,使缝线锚定在坚固的骨桥周围,而非抓握其表面。在开放手术中,这是数十年的标准做法,且效果良好。

关节镜技术取代了它。通过微创切口,无法可靠地在只能从单侧观察的骨上钻孔并穿线。锚钉的存在是因为它允许外科医生通过切口从单一方向实现固定,而非因为它被证明比隧道更好。

这一区别很重要,因为随后的比较已经进行。在生物力学上,与骨隧道修复相比,锚钉固定在循环载荷下产生的间隙形成更少,且最终失效载荷无显著差异 [1]。如今,随着无需植入物即可重建骨隧道的关节镜技术的发展,临床比较也已可用:关节镜骨隧道修复与锚钉修复具有可比的临床和结构结果,其唯一测量的优势是外展功能恢复略好 [2]。

因此,隧道从未真正被击败。它因转向微创手术而变得不切实际,现在正部分回归。

四代锚钉

金属。 第一代锚钉为钛合金或不锈钢材质,其固定效果极佳。其缺点在于后续影响:它们永久留于骨内,并在后续影像学检查中产生伪影,这对于可能需要再次扫描的关节而言至关重要。

可吸收。 随后出现了设计为在数年内溶解的聚合物锚钉,这一转变迅速且近乎全面。2007年的一篇综述描述了从金属锚钉到可吸收锚钉的重大转变,并将其归因于金属锚钉较高的并发症发生率 [3]。

这一结论并未完全经受住与聚合物材料本身的接触考验。早期的聚左旋乳酸材料降解缓慢且不可预测,可能引发炎症,在骨内留下充满液体的空腔,或向关节内脱落碎片。几年后更为审慎的评估认为,可吸收锚钉仍然安全且可重复,其并发症仅占植入总数的极小部分,同时强调精细的植入技术是维持这一状态的关键 [4]。两篇综述都强调了同一个具体要点:锚钉必须沉入低于皮质骨水平,因为突出的锚钉会磨损任何经过其表面的结构 [3]。

PEEK(聚醚醚酮)。 这是一种高性能热塑性塑料,具有X线透光性、不降解特性,且其刚度比金属更接近骨骼。它现在是标准实心锚钉材料,值得在下文中单独设一节介绍。

全缝线。 当前这一代产品完全摒弃了刚性主体。将缝线材料制成的袖套穿过一个小钻孔,然后施加张力使其变形并锁定在骨内壁。

在设计代际的演进中,原始数据显著改善,新型锚钉显示出显著增加的失效载荷强度,但有一个重要的注意事项:如果锚钉在低载荷下发生拔出失效,则有成为关节内游离体的风险 [5]。

PEEK 究竟是什么

聚醚醚酮(PEEK)属于聚芳醚酮家族的一种半结晶热塑性材料。它并非日常意义上的塑料:其被应用于航空航天领域及脊柱植入物,熔点约为 340°C,可耐受反复的蒸汽灭菌,且在体内具有化学惰性。

三种特性解释了为何它取代了金属和早期可吸收材料,成为实心锚钉的材料。

它具有 X 线透光性。 PEEK 在 X 光片上不显影,且在 CT 或 MRI 上不产生散射。使用 PEEK 锚钉修复的肩部在术后可以进行影像学检查并清晰判读,这对于可能需要再次扫描的关节而言是一个真正的优势。

其刚度接近骨骼。 PEEK 的弹性模量处于皮质骨的水平,而钛合金的弹性模量大约是其十倍。在较软骨骼中植入极硬的植入物会在界面处产生应力集中;使模量更接近则能分散应力。

它不会降解。 与它所取代的可吸收聚合物不同,PEEK 不会分解,因此不存在锚钉在吸收阶段变弱或身体对其降解产物产生反应的吸收期。

PEEK对骨骼的影响,绝非无足轻重

人们通常理所当然地认为,惰性且不可降解的材料不会引发任何生物学反应。影像学证据使这一观点变得复杂。

锚周囊肿,即锚钉周围骨骼中充满液体的腔隙,在所有类型的锚钉中均会发生。在对213例修复手术中比较全缝线、可吸收和PEEK锚钉后,总体囊肿发生率为10.8%,且三种材料在临床评分、再撕裂率或锚周骨反应方面无显著差异 [6]。

更细致的比较对PEEK并不有利。在73例修复手术中,尽管两者均为不可吸收材料,全缝线锚钉产生的骨反应少于PEEK,作者得出结论认为,锚钉的选择不仅应权衡初始固定强度,还应考虑术后生物学反应 [7]。

令人宽慰的是这些囊肿似乎意味着什么。具体而言,在PEEK锚钉周围,囊肿形成在六个月时趋于稳定,且与功能评分或再撕裂无相关性 [8]。因此,这是一种影像学发现而非临床问题,这一点之所以重要,主要是因为它会出现在您的扫描报告中,并可能看起来令人担忧。

其产生后果的地方在于翻修手术。无锚钉经骨修复完全不留下任何植入物,完全避免了植入物周围囊肿的形成,作者认为其真正的优势在于额外手术的可能性,因为未受扰动的骨骼提供了更多选择 [9]。这与推动转向全缝线锚钉的骨量储备论点相同,只是从不同的角度得出的结论。

全缝线锚钉在骨质保留上胜出,而非强度

直觉上,软性锚钉的强度必然低于实心锚钉。事实并非如此。全缝线锚钉具有与常规锚钉相当或更优的力学性能,且其低剖面设计能够保留骨质,临床系列研究显示其疗效满意且并发症发生率低 [10]。

支持使用全缝线锚钉的真正理由在于钻孔。实心锚钉需要与其主体尺寸相匹配的套筒;而全缝线锚钉仅需直径约为其一半的孔洞。在大结节处,骨质往往较软,且日后翻修手术可能需要新的位置来放置固定物,因此首次手术中去除的骨量是一个切实需要考虑的因素。

临床证据支持在关键部位使用全缝线锚钉。采用全缝线锚钉作为内侧排的双排缝线桥式肩袖修复术,其优异结局与使用实心内侧排锚钉的同类修复术相当 [11]。

它们也并非完全免于囊肿现象。在接受全缝线锚钉双排缝线桥式修复术的患者中,约有40% 出现该现象,其中低锚钉植入角度和较大的内外侧撕裂被确定为危险因素 [12]。关于植入角度的发现是一个具有实用价值的技术要点:锚钉的瞄准方向是外科医生可以控制的。

缝线成为最坚固的部分,从而改变了问题的性质

这场不太显眼的革命发生在缝线材料上。现代缝线由超高分子量聚乙烯编织而成,属于 FiberWire 类材料,其结果是缝线的强度显著高于其穿过的组织。

这解决了一个问题,却又带来了另一个问题。修复结构不再因缝线断裂而失效,而是因缝线切割肌腱而失效,就像奶酪切割线一样。正因如此,大量的设计精力被投入到分散负荷上,而非进一步增加强度。

扁平缝线带是直接应对措施:在肌腱上更宽的接触面积意味着在相同张力下,单位面积的压力更低。这一理论是合理的,实验室数据也予以支持。但患者情况并非完全如此:尽管生物力学性能更优,缝线带在再撕裂率和术后功能方面与传统圆形缝线相似 [13]。

这一点值得深思,因为它与锚钉比较呈现出相同的模式。一旦固定强度足够高,继续增强固定就不再改变结局,因为限制因素已转变为肌腱愈合至骨骼的生物学过程,而任何植入物都无法解决这一问题。

配置:剩余差异所在

单排修复在肌腱边缘放置一排锚钉。双排修复和缝线桥技术增加第二排更靠外侧的锚钉,将较大面积的肌腱压缩贴合于骨面。现有证据表明,在大多数撕裂大小类别中,双排修复和缝线桥修复的再撕裂率低于单排修复,且双排修复与缝线桥之间无差异 [14]。

打结设计与无结设计在再撕裂率方面无显著差异 [15]。

修复失败的两种模式,以及为何其中一种更难修复

这是本章节中最重要的内容,却很少向患者解释。袖套修复失败并非简单地“失败”,而是以两种模式之一发生,且两者的临床意义截然不同。

类型 1 是止点处的失败。肌腱在重新附着于骨骼的修复部位本身从骨面上撕脱。肌腱实质保持完整,且仍能到达骨骼。

类型 2 是内侧排处的失败,肌腱在内侧锚钉将其固定的缝合线处撕裂,通常位于肌腱结合部或其附近,而附着于止点的肌腱部分仍与骨骼愈合良好。在 MRI 上,这种表现看似矛盾:止点愈合良好,但其内侧存在缺损。

对这些模式的最初描述直接比较了不同技术。与单排缝合相比,缝合桥技术更好地保留了修复至止点的袖套组织,但缝合桥技术中发生的再撕裂主要位于肌腱结合部,而单排技术则倾向于直接在止点处失败 [16]。双排修复后的影像学研究发现了相同的特征:内侧排锚钉周围完全撕裂,而止点处的肌腱修复良好 [17]。

因此,更强的结构并未消除失败,而是改变了失败的位置。综合各种技术来看,双排和缝合桥修复增加了内侧袖套失败的风险,作者指出技术改良可以降低这一风险 [18]。

为什么类型 2 是更严重的问题。 有两个原因,其中第二个最为关键。

在功能方面,其表现更差:在一项包含 373 例修复、再撕裂率为 15.6% 的系列研究中,类型 2 失败显示出显著较差的功能预后 [19]。

在解剖学方面,其翻修难度要大得多。类型 1 失败留下的是一根全长肌腱,只是发生了撕脱,有可供抓持、松解和重新附着的组织。而类型 2 失败破坏了内侧排的肌腱实质,因此剩余的是较短且常发生回缩的肌腱,其良好愈合的部分仍固定在骨骼的外侧。这意味着翻修手术需要在比原始手术更少的肌腱条件下操作,并将剩余部分进一步拉过其无法舒适跨越的间隙。在某些情况下,直接修复已完全不可能,讨论便转向重建、肌腱转位或反向置换。

正是这种不对称性,使得专门旨在减少内侧排应力的技术改良——避免过度张力、内侧打结位置以及内侧排的加载方式——受到如此多的关注。并非因为类型 2 常见,而是因为它封闭了其他治疗选择。

单一构型,具名示例

为使论述具体化,现举一个特定构型:Hirpara 医生使用内侧排的全缝线锚钉——JuggerKnot(Zimmer Biomet),置于关节缘,缝线向外侧延伸,并由外侧排锚钉 Quattro(Zimmer Biomet)固定于结节部。其他外科医生可能使用不同的植入物及不同的配置,此处仅作为推理过程的示例,而非推荐方案。

其逻辑遵循上述所有原则。内侧排位于骨质最薄弱且保留骨质最为关键的部位,因此采用具有小孔的柔性锚钉。外侧排位于骨质条件较好的区域,并承担张力负荷,因此采用实心锚钉。该构型是基于两代技术各自的具体优势而组装而成,而非对其中任何一种技术的偏好。

参考文献

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[4] Dhawan A, Ghodadra N, Karas V, Salata MJ, Cole BJ. 肩关节可吸收缝线锚钉的并发症。Am J Sports Med. 2011;40(6):1424-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511417573

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[9] Jeong HJ, Lee JS, Kim YK, Rhee S, Oh JH. 关节镜下经骨无锚肩袖修复可减少与植入物周围囊肿形成相关的骨缺损。Clin Shoulder Elb. 2023;26(3):276-86. https://doi.org/10.5397/cise.2023.00052

[10] Ergün S, Akgün U, Barber FA, Karahan M. 全缝线锚钉的临床和生物力学性能:系统综述。Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;2(3):e263-e275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2020.02.007

[11] Feldman JJ, Ostrander B, Ithurburn MP, Fleisig GS, Tatum R, Ochsner MG, et al. 全缝线锚钉与实心内侧排锚钉在双排肩袖修复中与患者预后的关系。Orthop J Sports Med. 2024;12(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671241262264

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