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纤维肌痛

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Widespread pain and fatigue from an over-sensitised nervous system — what it is, and why movement, sleep and pacing help most.

广泛性、放大的疼痛示意图——一个疼痛“旋钮”被调至红色区域的躯体。
在纤维肌痛中,神经系统会调高“疼痛音量”,因此疼痛会在全身广泛存在。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

纤维肌痛是广泛性、长期的疼痛:一种酸痛、灼痛或压痛,可在全身游走,似乎遍布全身而非局限于某一关节。除疼痛外,大多数人还会感到极度疲劳,睡眠无法缓解:即使整夜卧床,醒来时仍感觉未恢复精力,仿佛从未真正休息过。

许多人还注意到思维变得模糊:难以集中注意力、找词或记忆事物。这种情况非常普遍,有一个专门的名称:“纤维肌痛脑雾”。此外,身体整体敏感性常增加:触觉、压力、光线、声音或温度可能感觉难以承受,轻微碰撞对多数人而言无碍,却可能引起明显疼痛。这令人精疲力竭,且容易感到无人真正理解您所承受的痛苦。

实际情况

以下是重点:纤维肌痛并非关节或肌肉的损伤,也不是炎症。这就是为什么影像学检查、X光和血液检查结果通常正常的缘故。这并非“漏诊”,检查结果正常并不意味着疼痛不真实。

问题出在神经系统处理疼痛的方式上。在纤维肌痛中,传递疼痛信号的神经系统被过度激活:音量被调得比正常水平更高。正常的感觉被放大为疼痛,而真实的疼痛感则更加剧烈。医生将这种现象称为中枢敏化。这是神经和大脑处理信号方式的一种真实的、生理性的改变:并非“心理作用”,也不是虚弱的表现。纤维肌痛很常见,它是真实存在的,并且已被医学界所认可。

纤维肌痛常与其他疾病共存(如肠易激综合征、头痛、情绪低落或其他慢性疼痛),并且它会在术后放大疼痛感。最后这一点值得告知您的外科团队,因为了解您患有纤维肌痛有助于他们规划您的疼痛管理和康复方案,从而为您提供更好的照护。

我们能做什么

纤维肌痛无法治愈,但可以得到管理,许多人的症状可以减轻到更易于承受的水平。最有力、最可靠的帮助并非来自药片,而是来自一些稳定的习惯:

  • 温和的、循序渐进的运动。 运动是唯一获得最强有力支持的疗法。关键在于从非常小的量开始,并缓慢增加:步行、拉伸或水中运动是很好的起点。过早过度用力会引发疼痛发作,因此缓慢而稳定地进步才是关键。
  • 改善睡眠。 由于睡眠无恢复性会加剧疼痛和脑雾,规律的作息和良好的睡眠习惯能产生切实的影响。
  • 活动节奏控制。 将活动分散在一天和一周中(而不是在状态好的一天做完所有事情,随后崩溃),有助于保持更稳定的状态。
  • 压力管理和心理干预。 压力会进一步调高“音量”。CBT(认知行为疗法)、放松技巧和正念等有助于安抚过度敏感的神经系统。

药物对部分人有帮助,但有效的药物并非普通意义上的止痛药:它们通过安抚神经系统而非阻断疼痛信号来发挥作用。这些药物包括阿米替林、度洛西汀和普瑞巴林;您可以在我们的神经性疼痛药物页面了解更多。相比之下,普通的抗炎药对纤维肌痛无效(因为没有需要消退的炎症),且阿片类药物不仅无益,还可能造成严重危害:它们往往会使情况随时间推移恶化,而非改善。我们关于术后疼痛管理和阿片类药物的页面解释了为何我们避免使用它们。

预期情况

纤维肌痛通常是一种长期疾病,症状会起伏波动:有好转期,也有加重期,常由压力、睡眠不佳、疾病或过度劳累诱发。这可能会让人感到沮丧,但对于那些坚持运动、睡眠管理和活动节奏控制方法的人来说,前景确实是充满希望的。症状会逐渐缓解,加重期也更容易度过,生活将重新回到正轨。

这项工作由您主导,但您不必独自承担。一个支持性的团队(您的全科医生,有时包括物理治疗师或疼痛科服务)可以帮助您制定计划,随时间进行调整,并引导您朝着正确的方向前进。自我管理之所以强大,正是因为能够日复一日地逐步降低症状的影响。

何时就医

  • 新出现的症状,或原有症状的明显变化:不要想当然地认为所有新发症状都“只是纤维肌痛”。单处突发或剧烈疼痛、肿胀、发热、不明原因的体重减轻,或新发的无力或麻木,都值得进行专业评估,因为它们可能代表其他独立的疾病。
  • 情绪低落、焦虑,或对通常感兴趣的事物失去兴趣:这些症状常与纤维肌痛并存,且均可治疗,获得帮助也有助于更好地管理疼痛。如果您感到绝望或处于不安全状态,请立即寻求帮助。
  • 尽管已尽力应对,症状仍严重影响日常生活:此时应咨询全科医生(GP)寻求更多支持,包括转诊至疼痛科或风湿免疫科。

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