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僵硬肘关节松解术（关节松解术）

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在肘关节僵硬松解术后，应尽早实施积极的运动功能恢复计划——手术中已恢复屈曲和伸直活动度，康复的全部目标在于维持这一活动范围，从术后第一天起即开始，不使用悬吊带，也不设保护阶段。

肘关节示意图，显示可能变得僵硬和紧张的骨性表面及关节囊。
损伤或手术后出现的僵硬肘关节——通过松解手术解除增厚的、紧绷的关节囊。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

本方案旨在指导您在基兰·希尔帕拉（Kieran Hirpara）医生于罗克汉普顿 Mater 私人医院进行的肘关节僵硬松解术（松解术或关节松解术）后的康复过程。方案首先介绍您的家庭锻炼计划，随后是专为您的物理治疗师或手部治疗师制定的结构化临床方案；请在首次治疗时携带此页面或其 PDF 文件，以确保康复过程协调一致。您的治疗师可能会根据您的康复进展调整该计划。

如果您对术后伤口有任何疑虑，请联系诊所。拍摄伤口照片并通过电子邮件发送以供审查通常很有帮助。

预期情况

既往损伤或手术后出现的肘关节僵硬，是由于关节囊（关节内衬）增厚和挛缩，有时还伴有额外骨赘形成，导致肘关节无法完成全范围的屈伸活动。在松解术中，无论是通过关节镜微创手术还是开放切口，外科医生都会切除挛缩的关节囊（以及任何多余的骨赘或卡压的瘢痕组织），从而使肘关节在手术台上恢复自由活动。

您需要理解的最重要的一点是，这种康复过程与修复性手术截然不同。手术中没有任何缝合或固定的结构需要数周的休息来愈合。相反，外科医生在手术中即建立接近全范围的活动度，而您康复的全部任务就是保持这种活动度，因为肘关节在术后自然倾向于再次变得僵硬。这就是为什么不需要使用吊带，也没有保护期：您从术后第一天就开始活动肘关节，并且要坚定、频繁地进行活动。此处的敌人是再次僵硬，而非组织失效。

关于伤口、肿胀和瘢痕管理，请参阅本诊所的伤口护理指南。肿胀和疼痛是早期限制活动度的主要因素，因此通过抬高患肢、冰敷和镇痛来控制肿胀和疼痛，是保持活动度的重要组成部分。

大多数功能改善发生在术后约 6 周至 3 个月之间，肘关节通常在术后 4 个月左右达到最佳且稳定的活动度。为了维持甚至进一步增加活动度，需要在夜间和休息时使用夹板固定，该夹板固定计划需持续 至少 3 个月。

注意事项与限制

  • 应在术后第一天开始活动肘关节，并在整个白天频繁、少量地活动：这是您康复的核心。
  • 应在每次拉伸的末端轻轻施加压力；与修复术不同，此处无需保护任何内固定结构，因此达到活动范围是目标。
  • 应通过抬高患肢、冰敷及按处方服用止痛药来控制肿胀和疼痛：限制您活动的是肿胀和疼痛，而非手术本身。
  • 应严格按照处方服用任何抗炎药物（如吲哚美辛），如果 Hirpara 医生已开具此类药物以预防异位骨化。
  • 应按指示佩戴夜间/休息夹板，至少持续 3 个月，以维持并巩固您获得的活动范围。
  • 不应让肘关节休息或“减轻活动量”以使其“安定”：这正是导致僵硬复发的原因。
  • 不应对小指和环指出现针刺感或麻木感到惊慌；随着肘关节屈曲功能的改善，肘内侧的神经（尺神经）可能会变得更加敏感，因此请告知 Hirpara 医生或您的治疗师，以便进行评估。

您的练习

这些是您手稿中用于恢复和保持肘关节与前臂活动的练习。请按照Hirpara医生和治疗师的指导开始；在本方案中，这些练习将立即开始。它们需要用力且频繁地进行，因为您通过日常练习所保持的活动范围就是您日常使用的活动范围。

您的临床方案

本页面其余部分为肘关节僵硬松解术（关节松解术）后康复的临床方案。本节内容需提供给您的物理治疗师或手治疗师，以下每个阶段均以通俗易懂的语言解释正在发生的事情。核心原则是：外科医生在手术台上建立接近全范围的关节活动度；康复的任务是保持这一成果。由于无需保护内固定物，因此不存在保护期：疼痛和水肿控制是限制因素，而非组织愈合。

术后第0至2天

在术后头一两天，肘部需短暂休息，手臂保持抬高，并通过冰敷和加压控制肿胀。肘部通常被支撑在完全伸直（伸展）位置，因为伸直是肘关节最常丧失的活动度，也是治疗中应优先保留的方向。如果存在异位骨化形成的风险（例如在切除多余骨组织后，或原发损伤为高能量损伤时），Hirpara 医生可能会立即开始使用抗炎药物以抑制其发生。

致物理治疗师：

在治疗前，请查阅患者的影像学资料、手术报告及既往病史（PMHx），并与主刀医生沟通术中达到的活动弧、是否进行了尺神经处理，以及是否已启动异位骨化（HO）预防性治疗。

体位与水肿

  • 在加厚夹板中短暂固定于完全伸直位；手臂抬高；对水肿进行冷冻疗法/加压处理
  • 引流管通常在术后第1天（POD1）拔除

异位骨化（HO）预防（如适用）

  • 如适用，使用吲哚美辛（例如 25 mg，每日三次，或 75–100 mg/天），疗程为 3–6 周，特别是在异位骨化切除术或高能量创伤后；在选定的高危病例中，可考虑±单次围手术期放射治疗（由主刀医生决定）

第1天起——立即进行积极的关节活动度训练

这是该方案的核心。术后第一天取下夹板，开始频繁且有力的活动：包括主动辅助及被动的屈曲、伸展和前臂旋转，目标是恢复术中达到的全部活动范围。没有活动度上限：目标是达到术中的全部活动弧。

致您的物理治疗师：

活动度上限

  • 无上限。 恢复术中的全部活动弧。术后第1天（POD1）取下夹板。

练习

  • 屈曲、伸展、旋前和旋后的主动辅助及被动关节活动度训练；拉伸重点应放在最紧的方向（通常是伸展）
  • 可选的CPM（持续被动运动）：如果使用，应在医院内术后第1–2天开始，在最大可用活动范围内进行（通常引用为肘后垫枕下0–145°），并在家中继续至约4周，作为物理治疗的补充。CPM仅为辅助手段，尚未证明优于监督下的物理治疗；是否使用由外科医生决定。
  • 频率：术后第一周每天接受监督下的物理治疗，之后每周2–3次，持续约6周

进展标准

  • 维持术中活动弧；水肿和疼痛得到控制

第2至6周——维持活动弧并引入夹板固定

活动继续进行。为维持并进一步改善活动范围，在夜间和休息时段增加夹板固定方案：在终末端进行低负荷、长时间牵伸，交替进行屈曲和伸直。

供您物理治疗师参考：

锻炼与夹板固定

  • 继续进行积极的主动/主动辅助/被动关节活动度（ROM）训练
  • 增加静态渐进式（或动态/连续静态/螺旋夹板）夹板固定，以实现低负荷、长时间的终末端牵伸：夜间/休息时段交替进行屈曲和伸直夹板固定。静态渐进式（不可弹性拉伸、由患者自行调节的渐进扭矩）是治疗肘关节屈曲挛缩的首选方式。
  • 水肿与瘢痕管理

进展标准

  • 活动弧维持或超过既定范围；约在第6周准备好进行负荷训练

第6至12周——强化训练与持续夹板固定

一旦关节活动度稳定（通常在术后6周左右），开始强化训练，在耐受范围内进行渐进性抗阻训练。夹板固定方案继续执行。

致您的物理治疗师：

训练与夹板固定

  • 一旦关节活动度稳定（通常约6周），开始渐进性抗阻强化训练
  • 术后持续夹板固定至少约3个月，以获得最佳的最终关节活动度

约16周——平台期

已发表的系列研究报告指出，患者平均在约16周时达到最大活动弧，大部分功能恢复发生在6周至3个月之间。应在术前向患者明确这一预期。最终在屈曲/伸展和旋转活动弧方面获得的改善，通常在长期随访中得以维持（大型队列研究中随访时间约为15个月）。

致您的物理治疗师：

  • 最大活动弧平均在约16周时达到；应告知患者，术前活动度阈值无法可靠预测恢复轨迹；对所有患者均适用约16周的时间线

重返工作与活动

由于无需固定保护，恢复日常活动的节奏取决于您的舒适度、肿胀程度以及您能保持的活动范围，而非等待组织愈合。从一开始就鼓励对患肢进行轻度使用以完成日常任务；事实上，在白天正常使用肘关节本身就是治疗的一部分。

强化训练以及随之而来的更重、要求更高的任务，通常在约 6 周后、当您的活动度稳定时开始，并根据您的力量和活动范围逐步增加。大多数人约在 4 个月时达到稳定的活动度和功能，且所取得的进步通常可长期维持。重返驾驶、工作职责和体育运动取决于是否恢复了特定任务所需的足够活动度、力量和掌控能力；请与 Hirpara 医生及您的治疗师讨论适合您具体情况的时间安排，因为这因您的职业和手术范围而异。最重要的信息是：在整个过程中坚持进行活动度训练以及夜间/休息位夹板固定，因为这才是保护您所努力恢复的活动度的关键。

协议之后

本协议与诊所的一般康复建议并行：请参阅术后疼痛管理和伤口护理。有关关节囊松解术后的肘部康复，请参阅关节囊松解。上述分阶段计划与肘关节挛缩松解术后康复的已发表证据一致，您的持续康复将由您的物理治疗师或手部治疗师根据肘部的进展情况进行个体化指导。

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 18 June 2026.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

Stiff Elbow — Arthrolysis / Capsular Release (Open or Arthroscopic) — Rehabilitation Evidence

Topic scope: rehabilitation after surgical release of the post-traumatic / post-surgical stiff elbow — open or arthroscopic arthrolysis, anterior + posterior capsulectomy, ± heterotopic ossification (HO) excision, ± ulnar nerve decompression. The focus here is the post-operative rehabilitation philosophy and timeline, not the indications for or technique of the release itself.

Defining principle: the surgeon establishes a near-full arc of motion on the operating table; rehabilitation's single job is to not lose it. There is no fixation to protect, so — unlike a fracture fixation or a tendon repair — there is no protection phase. Motion starts essentially Day 1 (or even in-hospital CPM from Day 1–2), pushed firmly and often. Pain and oedema control are the rate-limiters, not tissue healing. This is the opposite philosophy to olecranon ORIF or a distal biceps repair. Dr Hirpara's stance: no sling and no immobilisation phase; immediate aggressive active-assisted and passive ROM from POD1; static-progressive (or dynamic) night/rest splinting continued for at least 3 months; HO prophylaxis where indicated; and a frank pre-operative conversation that the elbow reaches its plateau at a mean of ~16 weeks.

Consensus phased timeline (week windows)

Phase Window Immobilisation / "ceiling" Movement & adjuncts Strengthening Criteria to progress
Immediate Day 0–2 Brief splint in full extension; arm elevated, cryotherapy/compression HO prophylaxis decision made now (see below); drains out POD1 — Splint off POD1
Immediate aggressive ROM (core) Day 1 onward No ROM ceiling — recover the full intra-operative arc Active-assisted + passive flexion / extension / pronation / supination; bias toward tightest direction (usually extension). Optional CPM 0–145° with bolster, in-hospital POD1–2, home to ~4 wk. Daily PT first week → 2–3×/wk for ~6 wk — On-table arc maintained; oedema/pain controlled
Hold the arc + splinting Weeks 2–6 None Continue aggressive A/AAROM/PROM. Add static-progressive (or dynamic / serial-static / turnbuckle) splinting — low-load prolonged end-range stretch, night/rest, alternating flexion/extension — Arc maintained or exceeded; ready for loading ~wk 6
Strengthening + continued splinting Weeks 6–12 None Continue splinting Progressive resistive strengthening once motion stable (~wk 6); continue splinting ≥3 months Stable, strengthening motion
Plateau ~16 weeks (≈4 months) None — Maintain gains; long-term hold Maximum arc reached; most recovery occurred 6 wk–3 mo

Evidence summary by theme

Immediate aggressive motion — the agreed principle (Strong consensus)

Large, consistent retrospective case series and review articles agree that the elbow re-stiffens without immediate motion, and that rehabilitation exists to hold the intra-operative arc. Motion begins POD1; the splint (when used) is removed POD1 and active-assisted + passive ROM is started in all planes, biased toward the tightest direction (usually extension). This is strong consensus across the literature.

Which specific rehab protocol is best (Moderate — genuine equipoise)

The best specific rehab protocol is genuinely unknown. No completed RCT shows superiority of CPM vs PT vs delayed PT — the SET-Study (Stiff Elbow Trial) was designed precisely because this question is unresolved, with three real-world arms (in-hospital CPM + early PT / in-hospital early PT / outpatient PT from POD7–10). CPM is cited in protocols (home use to ~4 weeks) and one arthroscopic- release series reports very good 3-year outcomes with a 4-week CPM rail plus PT, but CPM has never been shown superior to supervised PT alone. So: strong consensus on aggressive early motion; weak/equipoise evidence on which adjunct.

Splinting modality (Moderate — no clear winner)

Static-progressive, dynamic, serial-static and turnbuckle splinting all deliver low-load prolonged end-range stretch. The Lindenhovius RCT found no difference between dynamic orthoses and static-progressive splinting (similar DASH). Static-progressive (inelastic, patient-adjusted incremental torque) is the favoured modality for elbow flexion contractures. Reviews recommend the splinting program run for at least ~3 months post-operatively for optimal final ROM. Bracing alone can rival surgery for non-osseous stiffness with far lower neurovascular risk.

HO prophylaxis (Consensus — extrapolated evidence)

Indomethacin (commonly 25 mg TID, or 75–100 mg/day, for 3–6 weeks) ± single-dose perioperative radiotherapy is widely used after release, especially with HO excision or high-energy trauma. Most HO-prophylaxis RCT evidence is extrapolated from acetabular/hip surgery, not elbow-specific. Recurrent HO / arthrofibrosis responds to repeat excision + release.

Recovery trajectory and plateau (Moderate — cohort data)

Published series report patients reach their maximum arc of motion at a mean of ~16 weeks, with most recovery occurring between 6 weeks and 3 months, and maintained gains at ~15-month follow-up in large cohorts. Growth-mixture modelling found no pre-operative ROM threshold or factor reliably predicted the recovery trajectory — so all patients are counselled on the same ~16-week timeline pre-operatively.

Ulnar nerve (Consensus)

As flexion improves post-release, the ulnar nerve sees increased stress — there should be a low threshold for review, and for concomitant ulnar nerve decompression/transposition at the time of surgery. Tobacco use predicts poorer outcomes and higher complication rates after open arthrolysis.

Evidence strength flags (summary)

  • STRONG (consensus across case series/reviews): immediate aggressive active-assisted + passive motion from POD1 to hold the intra-operative arc — no protection phase.
  • MODERATE (RCT/cohort, equipoise): which adjunct is best — CPM vs PT vs delayed PT (SET-Study, no completed superiority data); splinting modality (Lindenhovius RCT: no difference dynamic vs static-progressive); ~16-week plateau and maintained gains (growth-mixture-modelling and large open-release cohorts).
  • CONSENSUS / EXTRAPOLATED: HO prophylaxis (indomethacin ± single-dose RT; most evidence extrapolated from acetabular/hip surgery); ≥3-month splinting program duration.

Overall topic flag: MODERATE — strong consensus on the principle (aggressive early motion + adjunct splinting + HO prophylaxis), weak/equipoise evidence on the specific adjunct.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Sun Z, Wang W, Fan C. Tobacco use predicts poorer clinical outcomes and higher post-operative complication rates after open elbow arthrolysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019.
  • Open elbow release for post-traumatic stiffness — growth-mixture-modelling cohort: maximum arc of motion at a mean of ~16 weeks, most recovery between 6 weeks and 3 months.
  • 103-patient open capsular release series — significant, maintained flexion/extension and supination/pronation arc gains at a mean of 15 months.
  • Papatheodorou LK, Sotereanos DG (University of Pittsburgh) — elbow contracture release techniques review.
  • Lindenhovius et al. RCT — no difference between dynamic orthoses and static-progressive splinting (cited within a retrieved review).
  • Retrieved technique text: indomethacin 25 mg TID for ~6 weeks for HO prophylaxis; CPM continued at home up to 4 weeks, full range 0–145° with a bolster behind the elbow.
  • Northwestern series — HO excision + contracture release: ROM gains and complications.
  • Arthroscopic release + 4-week CPM rail series — very good ROM, function and quality of life at a mean of 3 years.

Published protocols / reviews (URLs)

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Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.