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伤口与瘢痕的愈合

Illustration: 伤口与瘢痕的愈合

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

每一次切割、擦伤和手术切口都通过相同且可预测的非凡序列愈合,并且每一次都会留下瘢痕,因为愈合的皮肤是被修复的,而非完美再生的。理解伤口愈合的过程可以解释为什么新形成的瘢痕在消退之前会发红且坚硬,为什么愈合后的伤口强度永远无法完全达到其替代的皮肤,以及为什么吸烟和糖尿病等因素如此重要。本页以通俗易懂的语言解释了皮肤如何修复以及瘢痕如何稳定;对于有兴趣深入了解的读者,随后将深入探讨修复的生物学机制以及瘢痕为何会表现出特定的行为。

什么是伤口以及皮肤如何愈合

伤口仅仅是皮肤保护屏障的破损。愈合过程发生在相互重叠的步骤中:首先出血停止并形成血凝块/痂皮;随后,随着清理细胞的进入,该区域发生炎症反应(发红、发热、轻微肿胀);接着,身体用新组织填充间隙并将边缘拉拢;最后,经过数月,这些新组织被重新组织并强化为瘢痕。

外科缝合的切口(边缘整齐缝合)比留待从底部向上填充愈合的开放性伤口愈合得更快,且瘢痕更细,但两者遵循相同的底层过程。

瘢痕的形成与成熟

瘢痕是身体为闭合伤口而形成的组织。新鲜瘢痕通常隆起、质地坚硬、呈红色或粉红色,这是因为其中充满了新生血管和排列紊乱的胶原纤维。在接下来的数月至一年内,瘢痕会发生重塑:血管逐渐消退,胶原纤维重新排列,因此成熟的瘢痕会变得较平、颜色较浅、质地较软且不那么明显。这就是为什么您应该在术后一年而非一个月时评估瘢痕的效果。

关于瘢痕的两个客观事实:它们永远无法恢复原始皮肤的全部强度(最佳情况约为80%),且瘢痕的最终形态部分取决于您(伤口护理、不吸烟),部分取决于您无法控制的因素(遗传、皮肤类型、在身体上的位置以及伤口处的张力)。

促进伤口良好愈合的因素

  • 保持清洁并加以保护,并遵循您的敷料/伤口护理说明;感染是主要的干扰因素。
  • 不要吸烟。 尼古丁会使血管收缩,导致伤口缺氧,这是导致伤口裂开的最强可控风险之一。
  • 均衡饮食。 充足的蛋白质、维生素C和锌,以及糖尿病患者良好的血糖控制,可提供必要的原料。
  • 在瘢痕成熟期间保护瘢痕:尽量减少张力,并在第一年保护新瘢痕免受阳光照射(阳光可能导致其永久性变黑)。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节将提供更具深度、面向学生水平的解释。处理伤口时并不需要这些内容,但如果您对修复的实际机制以及疤痕为何呈现特定形态感到好奇,请继续阅读。

伤口愈合的四个阶段

伤口愈合的四联图——止血期(血凝块,第1天)、炎症期(第1-4天)、增殖期(第4-21天)和重塑期(第21天至数月)。
伤口愈合的四个重叠阶段——止血、炎症、增殖和重塑——从最初的凝血块到成熟的瘢痕。 Indu Pranav Pasupula, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

修复过程贯穿四个相互重叠的阶段:

  1. 止血(数分钟)。 血管收缩并形成血凝块,堵塞伤口并铺设临时纤维蛋白支架。
  2. 炎症(数天)。 免疫细胞(先是中性粒细胞,后是巨噬细胞)清除细菌和碎片,并释放信号召集修复细胞。这是发红、肿胀、触痛的阶段。
  3. 增殖(数天至数周)。 成纤维细胞大量涌入并沉积新胶原蛋白;新生血管萌发(形成粉红色的“肉芽组织”);皮肤细胞迁移覆盖表面以重新封闭伤口。
  4. 重塑(数周至约一年)。 早期快速形成的胶原蛋白被分解,并被更强壮、排列更有序的胶原蛋白取代,血管退化,瘢痕成熟。

为什么瘢痕比皮肤更脆弱

关键在于胶原类型。早期修复会沉积大量III型胶原,其沉积速度快,但机械强度低且排列无序。在重塑过程中,III型胶原逐渐被更强韧、排列有序的I型胶原所替代,并形成交联。抗张强度随之相应提升:六周时约为正常水平的一半,约三个月时达到峰值,约为正常水平的80%,但始终无法达到100%。此外,瘢痕还缺乏原始皮肤规整的结构(以及其毛囊和汗腺)。因此,愈合后的伤口是一个坚固且可用的修补区域,而非完美的替代物。

肌成纤维细胞与伤口收缩

一种专门的修复细胞——肌成纤维细胞,兼具成纤维细胞和肌肉细胞的特性:它抓握伤口基质并发生物理性收缩,将伤口边缘拉拢,从而缩小需要覆盖的区域。这具有益处,能加速伤口闭合。但在错误的位置则会引发问题:在关节或手掌处,过度收缩可能将组织拉成限制活动的紧绷挛缩,因此位于屈曲皱襞处的伤口和烧伤需要格外谨慎地处理。

当瘢痕形成失控:增生性瘢痕与瘢痕疙瘩

有时,胶原沉积与降解之间的平衡过度偏向沉积,导致过度生长的瘢痕:

  • 增生性瘢痕隆起且发红,但保持在原始伤口边界之内,且常随时间推移而改善。
  • 瘢痕疙瘩生长超出原始伤口边缘,行为类似良性过度生长;瘢痕疙瘩在某些皮肤类型和身体部位(胸部、肩部、耳垂)更为常见,且治疗难度极大。

两者均反映了一种过度且延长的增殖反应:胶原过多,重塑不足。

一期愈合与二期愈合

外科医生区分两种愈合途径。一期愈合是指创缘直接对合的清洁伤口(如缝合切口):愈合迅速,瘢痕较细。二期愈合是指因组织缺损或感染而保持开放的伤口,由基底向上以肉芽组织填充并收缩闭合:愈合较慢,瘢痕较宽。在这两者之间做出选择(以及何时关闭污染伤口)是外科的核心判断。

促进与损害伤口愈合的因素

  • 血液供应和氧气至关重要,而吸烟恰恰会损害这两者。
  • 糖尿病、营养不良、高龄以及使用类固醇/免疫抑制治疗均会延缓愈合并增加感染风险。
  • 感染会使伤口停滞在炎症期,并可能导致闭合伤口裂开。
  • 伤口处的张力和活动会使瘢痕变宽;保护和支持伤口可获得更精细的效果。
  • 时间和防晒决定最终的 cosmetic 结果:一年后评估的瘢痕比一个月时看起来好得多。

另请参阅


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