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胸廓出口综合征

Compression of the nerves and vessels at the base of the neck — the types, why diagnosis is tricky, and physio-first treatment.

手臂上举,伴有从颈部和肩部基底向远端放射的刺痛感。
在胸廓出口综合征中,神经和血管在颈部底部受到挤压——通常在上肢上举时症状更为严重。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

胸廓出口综合征通常表现为手臂感觉不太对劲。您可能会注意到肩部、颈部侧面并沿手臂向下出现酸痛,伴有麻木、针刺感或蚁走感,常累及环指和小指。手臂可能感觉沉重、无力或笨拙,导致您操作物品时笨手笨脚,或握力迅速疲劳。一个非常典型的线索是,当手臂上举或过头时症状加重(如悬挂晾晒衣物、伸手够高处的架子、驾驶或在肩上挎包),而当手臂放下休息时症状缓解。有些人还会出现后头痛。

较少见的情况是,问题出在血管而非神经。如果静脉受压,整条手臂可能突然肿胀、感觉沉重并呈现蓝色调。如果动脉受压(这种情况罕见),手部可能变得苍白、冰冷且疼痛。这些血管性模式很重要,因为它们需要迅速评估(参见最后一节)。

实际发生了什么

为了让神经和血管从颈部延伸至手臂,它们必须穿过颈部基底部的一个狭窄间隙,该间隙位于锁骨、第一肋骨和颈部斜角肌之间。这个间隙被称为“胸廓出口”。当该间隙变得过于狭窄时,这些结构会受到压迫,而这种压迫正是产生症状的原因。

根据受压结构的不同,可分为三种类型。神经源性胸廓出口综合征(压迫神经,即臂丛神经)最为常见,占绝大多数病例;其表现为酸痛、麻木、刺痛和无力。静脉性胸廓出口综合征涉及主要静脉,导致手臂肿胀、沉重、呈青紫色,有时伴有血栓。动脉性胸廓出口综合征较为罕见,涉及动脉,导致手部苍白、发冷。

一些因素会使该间隙变得更窄。有些人天生颈部多出一根肋骨(颈肋)或存在紧绷的纤维带。姿势也很重要:含胸、下垂的肩部会缩小该间隙,粗壮或紧绷的颈部和胸部肌肉也会使其变窄,这就是为什么该病在从事重复性过头工作或运动的人群中更为常见。既往的颈部或锁骨损伤也可能成为诱因。

我们如何处理该问题

在 Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton(洛克汉普顿 Mater 私立医院),Kieran Hirpara 医生主导我们针对该病症的治疗方案。患者通常由其全科医生(GP)转诊至我们的诊所;如果理疗师建议您就诊,您仍需获得全科医生的转诊,方有资格享受 Medicare(澳大利亚医疗保险)报销,并从全面评估开始以确诊。对于长期存在的症状,我们通常首先采用非手术治疗,仅当非手术治疗未能提供足够缓解时才考虑手术。

好消息是,对于常见的神经源性类型,一线治疗是物理治疗,而非手术。旨在开放胸廓出口(thoracic outlet)的针对性方案起着关键作用:纠正姿势,强化将肩胛骨向后下方固定的肌肉,放松紧张的颈部和胸部肌肉,并学习避免导致压迫的臂部姿势。这能缓解大多数患者的症状,值得投入数月时间的真正努力。

手术仅保留用于两种情况。 第一种是血管型(静脉或动脉型),通常需要减压,且减压是主要治疗手段。第二种是神经源性胸廓出口综合征(TOS),在经过规范的物理治疗试验后仍未缓解,且确实影响生活质量。手术通过减压出口来治疗,通常包括切除第一肋骨(以及任何额外的颈椎肋)并松解斜角肌,以给神经和血管留出空间。手术可通过腋窝、锁骨上方或微创辅助方式进行。对于部分选定的患者,手术效果良好。

预期情况

胸廓出口综合征(TOS)可能是一种棘手的诊断。没有单一的测试能够证实其存在。诊断主要基于临床判断:即您的病史加上将手臂置于诱发体位的体格检查。扫描和神经电生理检查通常既用于排除更常见的原因(如腕部腕管综合征、肘部尺神经管综合征或颈椎/椎间盘问题),也用于确认TOS本身。因此,诊断过程的一部分是耐心地厘清您的症状究竟源自何处,而答案并不总是明确的。

对于神经源性类型,大多数人通过姿势调整和物理治疗即可改善,且无需手术,尽管这可能耗时数月,且需要您持续保持这些习惯。当血管性类型或顽固的神经源性病例确实需要手术时,减压手术可为大多数经过精心筛选的患者缓解症状,恢复期通常为数周。由于TOS位于神经通路的最近端(位置高于腕部腕管或肘部尺神经管),它有时只是整体问题的一部分,因此治疗方案将根据您的具体情况量身定制。

何时就医

  • 手臂突然肿胀、沉重或呈青紫色:这可能意味着静脉阻塞或形成血栓,需要紧急评估,应在当天进行。
  • 手部苍白、冰冷、疼痛,或手指颜色改变:可能是动脉问题,是寻求紧急护理的理由。
  • 手臂或手部出现麻木、刺痛、无力或笨拙,且症状持续、恶化,或干扰工作、睡眠或日常任务。
  • 手部肌肉萎缩(肌肉体积减少),或尽管经过充分的物理治疗试验,症状仍反复出现:值得寻求专家意见。
  • 如果您被告知患有颈肋,并且出现手臂症状,值得进行评估。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的信息。胸廓出口综合征值得额外阅读,因为它分为两种截然不同的类型:一种具有客观可证实的依据,且偶尔会威胁肢体安全;另一种主要依据临床判断进行诊断,而几乎所有争议都集中在第二种类型上。

共享同一名称的三种情况

胸廓出口是锁骨与第一肋之间的狭窄间隙,支配上肢的神经以及主要的动脉和静脉均从此处通过。该处的压迫会导致三种不同的综合征。

静脉性和动脉性胸廓出口综合征(TOS)属于血管问题。它们并不常见,可通过影像学客观证实,且可能具有急迫性:例如,锁骨下静脉血栓形成可导致手臂肿胀发绀,或动脉受压可导致手部发冷,在最严重的情况下可引起栓塞。对于这些情况的存在及其需要治疗,无人持异议。

神经源性胸廓出口综合征占绝大多数。在此情况下,神经受到压迫,导致肩部和手臂酸痛,麻木感通常沿小指侧分布,且在手臂高举过头时症状加重。难点在于,在大多数病例中,没有确证性的检查——神经传导研究通常正常,影像学检查也未显示病变。

当代综述对此的回应是,将血管性胸廓出口综合征和可客观验证的神经源性胸廓出口综合征与其他类型区分开来 [1],这是一种谨慎的表述方式,用以承认其余病例依赖于临床判断。

为何这一区分决定了所有决策

当诊断能够被客观证实时,治疗决策遵循常规逻辑。当无法客观证实时,会出现两种失败模式:真正存在神经压迫的患者因检查结果正常而多年无法确诊;而臂痛由其他原因引起的患者则接受了无法获益的大型手术。

这两种错误均已被充分认知,因此,相较于大多数压迫综合征,此处手术前的证据标准设定得更高,且对于神经源性类型,任何手术之前均需先进行为期较长的物理治疗试验,以纠正姿势、针对斜角肌及肩带力学进行干预。

切除内容及其证据

手术通过切除第一肋骨、切断斜角肌或两者兼施来减压出口。

在2,010例患者的不同入路比较中,保留肋骨的斜角肌切除术后的上肢、肩部和手部功能障碍量表(DASH)及Derkash评分显著更优,且第一肋骨切除术后报告的并发症发生率更高 [2]。

与之相对,持续时间更长的系列研究支持联合手术。在532例患者中,联合经腋窝第一肋骨切除与经颈部斜角肌切除术被描述为最完全的减压方式,具有更好的症状改善率和更低的复发率 [3],且当联合手术作为主要手术时,复发率报告为5%至10% [4]。

仅凭已发表的数据,这两种观点无法完全调和。较新的比较分析倾向于采取更少的操作;而大样本的单主刀医生经验则倾向于采取更多的操作,理由是减压不彻底是导致复发的原因。两者一致的观点是,复发性胸廓出口综合征(TOS)比初次发病要困难得多,因此做出正确的初始决策比选择技术更为重要。

实际意义

鉴于该疾病的诊断通常基于临床判断,手术的最佳范围存在争议,且复发问题难以补救,在术前寻求第二诊疗意见是合理的,而非对抗性的,尤其是对于缺乏客观证据支持的神经源性类型。

参考文献

[1] Panther EJ, Reintgen CD, Cueto RJ, Hao KA, Chim H, King JJ. 胸廓出口综合征:综述。J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(11):e545-e561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2022.06.026

[2] Blondin M, Garner GL, Hones KM, Nichols DS, Cox EA, Chim H. 神经源性胸廓出口综合征手术治疗考量:患者报告结局的荟萃分析。J Hand Surg Am. 2023;48(6):585-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.03.005

[3] Atasoy E. 手外科医生对胸廓出口压迫综合征的进一步经验。J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(9):1528-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.025

[4] Atasoy E. 复发性胸廓出口综合征。Hand Clin. 2004;20(1):99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0712(03)00085-4


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