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骨骼健康与骨质疏松症

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How bone strength affects fractures, fixation and recovery — bone density, fragility fractures, and what helps keep bones strong (lifestyle, supplements and medications).

骨小梁横截面,显示其蜂窝状内部结构。
骨骼是活体组织;其内部的蜂窝状结构会随年龄增长和骨质疏松而变薄,从而增加骨折风险。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

什么是骨质疏松症

骨质疏松症是一种骨骼变得脆弱易碎的疾病。这使得骨骼在跌倒甚至弯腰等简单动作中更容易发生骨折。它常被称为“沉默的疾病”,因为在骨折发生之前,您可能不会察觉到任何症状。

您的医生可能会使用这一术语来描述骨矿物质密度降低。骨矿物质密度是指您骨骼特定区域内的骨材料含量。当密度下降时,骨骼的内部结构会失去强度。这会增加骨折的风险,尤其是髋部、脊柱和手腕。

这一诊断有助于指导您的治疗方案。您的医疗团队可能会评估您的骨骼健康状况,以预测其他手术的风险。例如,骨质疏松症患者在接受肩袖修复术后90天内面临更高的医疗并发症风险。然而,骨密度较低并不意味着您无法从肩袖手术等手术中获得良好的效果。许多患者在术后两年仍能取得良好的预后。

了解您的骨骼健康状况有助于实现个性化护理。医生可能会使用先进的模型来估算您的骨骼年龄。这有助于制定精准的预防策略。治疗可能包括促进新骨形成或减缓骨流失的药物。部分患者还可通过针灸等物理疗法缓解症状。

在某些情况下,医生会利用机器学习工具分析手部X光片,以发现骨流失的早期迹象。这可以在骨折发生之前实现更早的治疗。对于已经发生骨折(如髋部或脊柱)的患者,骨水泥注射等治疗可以稳定骨骼并缓解疼痛。了解您的状况有助于您与医生共同努力,保持骨骼强健和安全。

它有效吗?

是的,骨质疏松症的治疗有助于您管理骨骼健康并降低骨折风险。然而,最佳方案取决于您的具体情况。像机器学习这样的新工具可能很快会使诊断更快、更易于获取。目前,您的医生将依靠成熟的方法来评估您的骨密度。

药物治疗是治疗的关键部分。一些患者从一系列疗法中受益,这些疗法首先增加骨量,然后减缓骨量流失。其他选择包括中药产品或针灸,以帮助缓解疼痛和改善活动能力。虽然这些方法可能有帮助,但它们通常作为标准医疗护理的辅助手段,而不是替代它。

如果您需要手术,例如肩袖修复术或关节置换术,骨质疏松症并不会自动排除您的手术资格。研究表明,骨密度较低的患者在肩部手术后两年仍可获得良好的结果。总体并发症率仍然很低。这意味着您的医生可以在采取额外预防措施以保护骨骼的同时,充满信心地进行手术。

对于椎体成形术等脊柱手术,使用连续骨水泥和标准化护理可取得良好效果。注射超过 5.5 毫升的水泥可能进一步确保成功。在关节置换术中,在手术前后服用某些抗酸反流药物(质子泵抑制剂)并不会增加您在两年或五年时出现并发症的风险。

需要注意的是,某些治疗效果不一。例如,双膦酸盐并未降低膝关节植入物周围骨折的风险,但确实减少了两年内翻修手术的需求。此外,尽管有指南建议,许多患者在髋部骨折后并未接受骨质疏松症药物治疗。这是医疗护理可以改进的一个领域。

总体而言,在手术前和手术后优化骨骼健康至关重要。某些促骨形成药物的个性化给药时间可能会提高疗效。虽然一些新疗法在动物实验中显示出前景,但人类数据仍在发展中。您的医生将制定一个平衡已证实的益处与您个人需求的计划。

这是否适合您?

如果您是一位有骨折史、绝经时间较长或椎体骨折的绝经后女性,这种治疗方法通常适合您。这些因素使您处于高风险人群。在中国,76.9% 因骨折住院的绝经后女性患有此病。您可能受益于使用基于手部 X 光片的机器学习等自动化工具进行早期检测。这有助于尽早开始治疗。

您可能也是特定物理疗法的合适人选。针灸在改善症状方面显示出令人鼓舞的结果。对于骨量严重流失的患者,经皮椎体成形术等手术可提供良好的疗效。在此手术中使用超过 5.5 毫升的骨水泥与更好的结果相关。如果您需要进行关节置换术,在手术前后使用质子泵抑制剂不会增加您在术后两年或五年的并发症风险。

然而,骨质疏松症会增加您在肩袖修复术后 90 天内发生医疗并发症的风险。它也是该手术后一年和三年出现并发症和再次手术的风险因素。尽管存在这些风险,骨质疏松症并不是避免进行关节镜下肩袖修复术的理由。许多骨密度降低的患者在术后两年仍取得了优异的疗效。

需要注意的是,尽管已有相关指南,但许多股骨颈骨折患者并未接受推荐的增强骨骼的药物。您的医生将权衡这些风险与益处。治疗方案可能包括分阶段疗法,先增强骨骼,然后再加以保护。您应与您的医生讨论这些选项,以决定最适合您具体情况的治疗方案。

结论

骨质疏松症很常见,会增加关节或肩部手术后并发症的风险。然而,它并不是避免这些手术的理由。许多骨密度较低的患者仍能获得良好的长期效果。您的医生会在术前和术后管理您的骨骼健康,以降低风险。这种方法有助于您顺利康复,并安全地恢复日常活动。


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