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心理、压力与恢复

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How stress, low mood, anxiety and worry about pain affect recovery and surgical outcomes — and what helps.

一幅手绘插图,描绘了一个平静放松的无脸人物。
心理、压力与恢复 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您的心理健康在术后感受中起着重要作用。未得到处理的心理健康障碍可能是导致髋关节保留手术结果中持续无法实现高比例的最小临床重要差异(MCID)和实质性临床获益的原因。焦虑和抑郁症状与接受全髋关节置换术患者的较差预后相关。您的康复轨迹可能与没有这些症状的患者不同。

关节镜下肩关节稳定术后新发的焦虑或抑郁显著增加了90天再入院的风险。在接受翻修肩袖修复术的患者中,心理健康状况与基线患者报告结局测量指标(PROMs)的相关性最强。在接受上肢神经瘤再生性周围神经界面手术的患者中,术前心理健康评分较低的患者报告了相似或更大的疼痛改善,以及相似的功能改善。

症状持续时间较长是颈椎间盘突出症患者术后不满的独立预测因素。恐动症是影响肩肱关节不稳患者接受关节镜下Bankart修复术后功能恢复和重返运动的关键心理因素。慢性非特异性腰痛的中央敏化可被视为某些具有特定心理倾向的人群中,中枢神经系统伤害性神经元对正常或亚阈值传入慢性刺激的过度反应。

实际发生的情况

您的身心共同愈合。未得到处理的心理健康障碍可能是导致髋关节保留手术中持续无法实现高比例的最小临床重要差异(MCID)和显著临床获益的原因。这意味着,如果焦虑或抑郁未得到治疗,您的手术可能无法带来您期望的全部缓解效果。

接受全髋关节置换术的患者中,焦虑和抑郁症状与较差的预后相关。您的康复轨迹与没有这些症状的患者不同。在关节镜下肩关节稳定术后出现新发焦虑或抑郁的患者,其90天内再入院风险显著增加。这表明您的心理状态直接影响身体愈合的速度和安全性。

在接受翻修肩袖修复术的患者中,心理健康状况与基线患者报告结局的相关性最强。同样,焦虑和/或抑郁病史与关节镜下髋关节手术后的较差预后持续相关。恐动症(kinesiophobia,即对运动的恐惧)是影响肩盂肱关节不稳患者接受关节镜下Bankart修复术后功能恢复和重返运动的关键心理因素。

您的大脑会放大疼痛信号。慢性非特异性腰痛患者的中枢敏化可表现为:在中枢神经系统中,具有特定心理易感性的个体对正常或亚阈值传入慢性刺激产生的伤害性神经元过度反应。这就是为什么压力会感觉像身体疼痛。

某些干预措施有效,但结果因人而异。一项基于认知行为疗法的干预在6周时仅使疼痛知识和心理困扰得到轻微改善,但在长达1年的时间内并未对腰痛患者的疼痛和功能带来有意义的益处。您的医生会使用“患者报告结局测量信息系统(PROMIS)全球健康量表心理健康T分”等工具在术前筛查这些风险。这有助于预测全关节置换术后的心理困扰。

请知悉,您的心理健康是治疗计划的一部分。应对压力和情绪问题有助于关节更好地愈合,并减少您的住院风险。

我们能做什么

您的心理健康在康复效果中起着重要作用。未得到处理的心理健康问题可能是导致髋关节保留手术结果中持续无法达到最小临床重要差异(MCID)和实质性临床获益的高比率的原因。这意味着您的情绪状态可以改变您的身体结果。

您可以从自我管理开始。简单的生活方式改变和物理治疗有助于您恢复力量和信心。如果您有运动恐惧症(kinesiophobia),这是一种关键的心理学因素,会对盂肱关节不稳的关节镜Bankart修复术后的功能恢复和重返运动产生不利影响。解决这种恐惧是关键。

在桡骨远端骨折后的保守治疗中加入运动想象,与单独的传统治疗相比,改善了功能、腕关节伸展和手部握力。这意味着想象您的动作可以帮助您的身体愈合。对于下肢截肢者,综合康复计划应优先考虑有效的疼痛管理、社会支持和个性化护理。这些步骤有助于您感觉更掌控自己的康复之旅。

当自我护理不够时,药物治疗提供额外的支持。您的医生可能会讨论止痛药或抗炎药,以帮助您管理不适。对于某些患者,可能会考虑激素疗法,尽管它伴随着您的医生会解释的权衡。

如果您有焦虑或抑郁,这些症状与接受全髋关节置换术(THA)的患者预后较差相关。这些患者的康复轨迹与没有这些症状的患者不同。然而,治疗可以帮助。对接受关节镜肩袖修复术的焦虑或抑郁患者给予度洛西汀,改善了术后前3个月的焦虑和痛苦,以及主动活动范围、ASES和SST评分。请注意,对接受关节镜肩袖修复术的患者给予度洛西汀,导致16%的患者出现恶心和呕吐。这是需要观察的副作用。

非药物疗法也可以减轻压力。接受音乐疗法干预的患者在全肩关节置换术期间,疼痛和焦虑评分的降低幅度显著大于对照组。这个简单的工具可以在您治疗期间的感受上产生真正的差异。

如果您的症状严重且尽管上述措施仍持续存在,医生可能会建议您进行专科评估。对于某些特定情况,偶尔会考虑进行手术以解决根本问题。您的医生将根据您的独特需求指导您采取最佳下一步。请记住,寻求心理健康帮助是迈向更好身体康复的坚强一步。

何时就医

若出现休息后仍不缓解的持续性疼痛,或发现关节无力或不稳,请咨询全科医生。若症状导致关节交锁或打软,或影响睡眠或工作,请要求专科医生评估。症状突然加重也需立即就医。需注意,焦虑和抑郁可能导致关节置换手术(如全髋关节置换术)后预后不佳。在肩关节稳定术等手术后新发的焦虑或抑郁会显著增加90天内再入院的风险。未得到处理的心理健康问题可能妨碍您获得显著的临床获益。医生可能在术前使用特定的筛查工具评估您的心理状态,以帮助预测您的恢复轨迹。


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