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复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)

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What CRPS is, why it sometimes follows a wrist or hand injury or operation, how it is recognised and treated, and what recovery looks like.

一只带有柔和光晕的手,暗示着敏感性增强。
在复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)中,肢体可能出现剧烈疼痛、肿胀和敏感,其程度远超原始损伤。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能会经历一种与损伤程度不相称的剧烈疼痛。这是复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)的典型特征。这是一种多因素疾病,意味着多种因素共同影响您身体的反应。这种疼痛具有高度致残性,可显著限制您的日常生活。您可能会发现,简单的触碰(如衣物摩擦皮肤)会感到不适甚至疼痛。

疼痛常在夜间或白天活动后加剧。您可能在刚醒来时感到疼痛最为剧烈。这些疼痛变化与神经疼痛机制的改变有关。您的医生将通过病史和体格检查来确诊。早期识别这些体征非常重要。及时的治疗有助于最大限度地减少永久性功能丧失,尽管部分患者在治疗后仍可能经历持续的功能障碍。

由于这种 heightened 敏感性,日常任务变得困难。您可能难以伸手到背后扣上胸罩。塞衬衫可能变得像是一项苦差事。提重物或侧卧于患侧可能会引起尖锐的不适。这些功能限制是真实且可测量的。汉密尔顿量表(Hamilton Inventory)等工具可帮助您的医疗团队了解这些症状如何影响您的日常生活和心理健康。

虽然疼痛剧烈,但有方法可以管理它。高强度激光疗法已显示出明确的减痛证据,即使仅经过几次治疗也有效。对于慢性病例,可考虑使用更强效的药物,如氯胺酮(ketamine)。在某些情况下,泼尼松龙(prednisolone)等皮质类固醇也可作为治疗选择。采取积极的护理方法有助于降低病情恶化的风险。请记住,CRPS 是一种排他性诊断。在确诊 CRPS 之前,您的医生会排除其他病因,如血管球瘤(glomus tumors)。早期识别是您康复的最佳途径。

实际发生了什么

您的疼痛系统正在发送混合信号。在复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)中,传递感觉的神经变得过度敏感。这并非仅仅是心理作用。检测结果显示,您的疼痛处理机制与没有此状况的人不同。信号被放大,使得正常的触摸或运动感觉疼痛。

这种反应通常始于受伤或手术后。如果您的性别为女性、年龄较大或从事体力劳动,医生可能会注意到这一点。如果您在手术前已有既往神经问题或剧烈疼痛,也可能发生这种情况。即使在腕管松解术或肩袖修复术等常见手术后,也有少数人会出现这些症状。例如,约 0.33% 的病人在肘管手术后发展为 CRPS。在肩袖修复术后,与 CRPS 相关的手部病变出现在 19.4% 的病例中。

病因复杂,涉及多种因素。研究人员仍在研究遗传学和心理学的作用。然而,我们知道早期干预有帮助。及时的治疗可以降低永久性功能丧失的风险。虽然部分患者可能仍面临长期挑战,但早期发现能让您获得完全康复的最佳机会。

医生根据您的病史和体格检查来诊断此病。没有单一的血液检测或扫描可以确认它。我们寻找特定的疼痛、肿胀和皮肤变化模式。如果不治疗,改变的疼痛机制可能导致持久的僵硬和无力。

治疗的重点是使神经系统平静下来。选项包括用于严重病例的药物,如泼尼松龙或氯胺酮。高强度激光疗法也已显示出减轻疼痛的强有力证据。积极的康复方法至关重要。轻柔且持续地活动您的肢体有助于重新训练您的大脑和神经。这可以防止病情变为慢性并致残。

我们能做什么

早期识别并迅速治疗复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)对于最大限度地减少永久性功能丧失至关重要。您仍可能经历永久性损伤和残疾,但迅速采取行动能为您提供最佳康复机会。您的医生将依据病史和体格检查进行临床诊断。为了跟踪您的进展,我们使用汉密尔顿量表(Hamilton Inventory)评估您的症状、功能限制及心理社会影响。这有助于我们了解该状况对您日常生活的影响。

自我管理和物理治疗构成了您护理的基础。积极的干预措施似乎能降低 CRPS-1 的发病率。我们的目标是让您在安全的前提下保持活动,以防止僵硬和无力。尽管针对上肢 CRPS 的非药物治疗方法的方法学质量总体较差,但保持活动仍是您日常护理的关键部分。您应给予这些保守措施发挥作用的时间。坚持治疗对于减轻疼痛和改善您使用手部或肢体的能力至关重要。

如果自我护理不足以控制病情,药物治疗提供了额外的选择。泼尼松龙(Prednisolone)作为 CRPS 的治疗选项具有潜力,特别是在资源有限、缺乏更专业干预措施的环境中。高强度激光疗法(HILT)在 CRPS-I 中提供了确凿的疼痛减轻证据,甚至在第三次治疗 session 后即可见效。对于患有慢性或难治性 CRPS 的患者,应慎重考虑使用氯胺酮(ketamine)。定量感觉测试结果表明,与对照组相比,复杂性区域疼痛综合征患者的疼痛机制发生了改变。这证实了您的疼痛信号正由神经系统以不同的方式进行处理。

如果症状严重且尽管采取了上述措施仍持续存在,医生可能会建议您转诊进行专科评估。在某些特定情况下,偶尔会考虑进行手术干预。例如,相当大比例的被诊断并接受治疗的 CRPS 1 型患者,在行腕管松解术后可实现症状完全缓解。同样,对于患有 Dupuytren 挛缩和 CRPS-I 的患者,在注射胶原蛋白梭菌组织蛋白酶(collagenase clostridium histolyticum, CCH)后取得的良好结果令人鼓舞。您的医生将讨论此类干预措施是否适合您的具体情况。

预期情况

您的医生将根据您的病史和体格检查来诊断复杂性区域疼痛综合征。早期识别和及时治疗对于最大限度地减少永久性功能丧失非常重要。然而,即使接受了早期治疗,您仍可能经历永久性损伤和残疾。

更积极的治疗方式似乎可以降低该病症的发生率。对于许多人来说,症状可以完全缓解。相当一部分被诊断并接受治疗的复杂性区域疼痛综合征 1 型患者,在行腕管松解术后可实现症状完全缓解。部分患者在接受手部疾病胶原酶注射治疗后也看到了积极的治疗结果。

如果置之不理或治疗延误,预后将会改变。该病症是多因素的,意味着多种因素促成了其发展。定量感觉测试显示,与未患此病者相比,疼痛机制发生了改变。这表明疼痛是真实的,并且根植于您的神经处理信号的方式。

高强度激光疗法提供了确凿的疼痛减轻证据,甚至在第三次治疗 session 后也是如此。泼尼松龙是一种潜在的治疗选择,特别是在缺乏专科干预措施的情况下。对于慢性或难治性病例,应充分考虑使用氯胺酮。

风险因手术和个人因素而异。孤立性肘管手术后的发生率在 1 年时约为 0.33%。女性性别是治疗杜普伊特伦挛缩后发生该病症的重要预测因素。超过一个手指的松解术也是重要的预测因素。老年患者在桡骨远端骨折手术后风险较高。女性患者和体力劳动者在该手术后也具有较高风险。在关节镜下肩袖修复术后,19.4% 的患者出现了复杂性区域疼痛综合征相关的手部病变。

报告的发生率受诊断标准的选择、研究地点以及骨折处理方式的影响。汉密尔顿量表可用于评估您的症状、功能限制以及心理社会影响。您的医疗团队将利用该量表跟踪您的进展。

康复过程并非总是线性的。虽然有些人实现了完全缓解,但其他人则面临长期挑战。您的医生将根据您的具体风险和症状制定个性化的治疗方案。积极参与治疗,以争取最佳的康复机会。

何时就医

若疼痛持续且休息后无改善,请咨询全科医生。若出现无力、关节不稳或关节锁定/打软,请要求专科医生评估。若症状影响睡眠或工作,请寻求医疗帮助。若疼痛突然加重,请立即联系医生。早期识别对于最大限度地减少复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)的永久性功能丧失至关重要。尽管 CRPS 是一种基于病史和体格检查的临床诊断,但属于排他性诊断。及时的治疗可能有所帮助,但部分患者即使在早期接受治疗后,仍可能出现永久性功能障碍。

更深入的了解

本节将提供更详细、适合学生水平的解释。虽然管理复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)并不需要这些内容,但如果您好奇为什么疼痛如此不成比例,以及为什么治疗看似“本末倒置”,请继续阅读。

疼痛系统处于过度驱动状态

复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)通常继发于损伤(有时是严重损伤,有时是轻微损伤),但神经系统的反应变得过度放大且自我维持,其持续时间和严重程度远超原始损伤。疼痛是真实的;问题在于处理机制,而非持续的损伤。

神经炎症与敏化

触发因素之后,神经和免疫细胞释放炎症信号(如P物质等物质),使神经变得过度兴奋。这导致系统敏化:首先在外周肢体(外周敏化),随后在脊髓和大脑(中枢敏化;参见疼痛机制)。其结果是CRPS的特征性表现:痛觉超敏(疼痛程度远超正常预期)和痛觉异常(轻触、衣物或微风即可引发疼痛)。

自主神经特征

身体的自主(“autonomic”)神经系统也会出现功能异常,这导致肢体出现肿胀、颜色和温度变化、异常出汗,以及后期皮肤、指甲和毛发的改变。越来越多的证据表明,部分患者存在自身免疫成分,从而加重炎症。

为什么早期活动是治疗方法

由于复杂性区域疼痛综合征(CRPS)是一种“敏感化、停滞”的神经系统,而非需要保护的损伤,因此反直觉但基于证据的治疗方法是使神经系统平静并重新训练(早期、分级运动、脱敏治疗以及镜像疗法等技术),而不是休息和保护患肢,后者往往会使病情加重。


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a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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