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How your elbow works

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Elbow anatomy: understanding the humerus, radius, and ulna – key to understanding elbow function and injury.

Updated Apr 2026
一幅手绘插图,展示了一位解剖学讲师指向一个骨骼模型。
您的肘关节是一个屈戌关节加上一个小枢轴关节——肱骨与尺骨和桡骨相接,使您能够弯曲、伸直和旋转前臂。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

骨骼

您的肘部并非由单一骨骼构成。它是一个复杂的铰链结构,由三块骨骼交汇而成。上臂骨为肱骨。其下端呈滑轮状。这种形状与下方的前臂骨骼相契合。

前臂的两块骨骼为桡骨和尺骨。尺骨是位于小指侧的较大骨骼。其末端有一个称为鹰嘴的钩状结构。您可以摸到肘部后方的这个骨性突起。正是尺骨的这一尖端嵌入肱骨上的一个沟槽中。

桡骨是位于拇指侧的较小骨骼。其头部靠近肘部,但并不构成主要的铰链。相反,它围绕尺骨旋转。这种排列方式使您的前臂能够扭转。

可以将肘部想象成一扇门铰链。肱骨相当于门框,尺骨相当于门扇,而桡骨则是门框内旋转的独立部件。这种设计赋予了手臂力量与灵活性。您可以摸到肘部内侧和外侧的骨性隆起。这些是内上髁和外上髁。它们并非关节本身的一部分,而是肌肉和韧带的附着点。

关节及其运动方式

您的肘部包含三个协同工作的独立关节。它们被分为两个主要区域。

首先是肱尺关节。这是一个铰链关节。它将肱骨与尺骨连接起来。它使您的手臂能够弯曲和伸直。这种运动称为屈曲和伸展。当您把勺子送入口中时会用到这种动作。它还能让您推开一扇门。该关节的稳定性源于骨骼之间的紧密契合。

其次是桡尺关节。这是一个车轴关节。它使您的前臂能够旋转。这种运动称为旋前和旋后。旋前使您的手掌朝下。旋后使您的手掌朝上。当您转动门把手或从水壶中倒水时会用到这种动作。旋转大致均匀地发生在前臂的上部和下部。这不仅仅是肘部的运动。

此外,桡骨与肱骨之间还有一个小关节。它在旋转过程中帮助引导桡骨。这些关节共同作用,使您能够将手定位在空间中的任何位置。您的肘部可以弯曲至约 145 度。这个活动范围足以满足大多数日常任务的需求。

肌肉、肌腱和韧带

肌肉通过牵拉骨骼产生运动。它们通过肌腱与骨骼相连。肌腱是强韧的绳索状组织。

肱二头肌位于上臂前侧。其肌腱跨越肘关节。它有助于屈曲手臂。它还有助于前臂旋转。肱三头肌位于上臂后侧。其肌腱附着于鹰嘴。它使手臂伸直。这是主要的推力肌肉。

韧带将骨骼连接在一起。它们提供稳定性。内侧副韧带位于肘关节内侧。它防止肘关节向外弯曲。外侧副韧带位于外侧。它防止肘关节向内弯曲。这些韧带对于运动中的稳定性至关重要。

可以将韧带想象成强韧的橡皮筋。它们保持骨骼的对齐。肌腱的作用如同绳索。它们将肌肉产生的力量传递至骨骼。当你抬起一个沉重的箱子时,这些结构协同工作。它们吸收应力并防止损伤。

神经

神经在大脑与身体之间传递信号。它们控制运动和感觉。三条主要神经穿过肘部区域。

尺神经走行于肱骨内上髁后方。这是肘部内侧的骨性突起。常被称为“麻骨”。撞击该区域会产生麻木感。这并非骨骼疼痛,而是神经受压所致。尺神经控制环指和小指的 sensation。它还控制手部的小肌肉。

正中神经走行于肘部中央。它穿过肱二头肌的两个头之间。它沿前臂下行至手部。它控制拇指、食指和中指的感觉。它还协助屈曲腕关节和手指。

桡神经走行于上臂后方。它绕过肱骨。它控制肱三头肌。这使您能够伸直肘关节。它还协助伸展腕关节和手指。

如果您感到手指麻木,可能与这些神经有关。尺神经影响小指侧。正中神经影响拇指侧。桡神经影响手背侧。了解这些走行路径有助于解释症状。它也阐明了为何某些损伤会导致特定的问题。


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