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手、腕和肘部的痛风

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Gout in the upper limb — what causes the attacks and lumps (tophi), how flares and high urate are treated, and when surgery is needed.

慢性痛风石性关节炎患者双手多个指关节处可见坚实结节(痛风石)的示意图。
慢性痛风可在手指关节周围留下称为痛风石的坚硬肿块,从而限制手部活动及功能。 Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

痛风常在夜间突然发作。某个关节(有时是拇指根部、指关节、手腕或肘尖)在短短数小时内变得剧烈疼痛。关节外观发红、发热且肿胀,触痛极为明显,甚至床单的重量都难以忍受。这被称为急性发作,首次发作常累及足部,但手部及手腕也是常见部位。

在两次发作之间,关节可能感觉完全正常,因此人们常忽视首次发作。然而,随着数月乃至数年的进展,痛风可在皮下形成硬结,位于指关节周围、指关节处或肘部上方。这些称为痛风石。它们在皮下可呈粉笔样或白色,随着体积增大,可导致手部僵硬、握力减弱,并使扣衬衫纽扣等精细动作变得困难。如果肿块压迫腕部神经,部分患者还会注意到手指出现麻木或刺痛感

实际情况

痛风是一种累及全身的全身性疾病,表现为关节症状。您的身体会产生一种称为尿酸(尿酸盐)的代谢废物。当血液中尿酸过多时,可形成微小的尖锐晶体,沉积在关节内及其周围软组织中,包括手部和腕部。

您的免疫系统将这些晶体视为入侵者并对其进行攻击,这种反应即为您所感受到的突发且严重的炎症发作(急性发作)。如果高尿酸血症多年未得到控制,晶体可聚集成坚硬的沉积物(痛风石)。随着时间的推移,这些沉积物可侵蚀骨骼、损伤肌腱,并偶尔压迫神经。重要的是,发作和肿块是同一问题的两个方面:体内尿酸过多。 控制尿酸,即可控制疾病。

我们能做什么

治疗分为两个独立的部分,两者都至关重要。

控制急性发作。 急性发作可通过抗炎药物缓解,通常为口服非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)、秋水仙碱或短期糖皮质激素疗程。这些药物在早期使用时效果最佳,因此建议在下次发作前与医生共同制定应对计划。

长期降低血尿酸水平。 这才是从根本上治愈痛风的方法。每日服用一种药物,最常见的是别嘌醇,可逐渐将血尿酸水平降至目标值以下。在目标水平维持足够长时间后,尿酸盐结晶会缓慢溶解,发作停止,痛风石缩小。饮食和生活方式调整(减少啤酒和烈酒摄入、减少含糖饮料、保持健康体重、充分补水)有所帮助,但对大多数人而言,每日服药才是关键。

手术仅在少数情况下需要,例如痛风石巨大并穿透皮肤、干扰肌腱或压迫神经(例如引起腕管综合征症状)。即便如此,术后仍需继续通过药物降低血尿酸水平。

预期情况

痛风是我们能够真正有效控制的少数关节炎类型之一。如果长期将血尿酸水平控制在目标值以下,急性发作会变得罕见直至消失,且已有的痛风石会逐渐溶解。这是一个缓慢的过程,需要数月至数年的时间,且降尿酸药物通常需要终身服用,因为停药会导致尿酸盐结晶重新形成。

这种耐心是有代价的:手部痛风石堆积越多,对手部功能的影响就越大,因此尽早降低尿酸水平可以保护您的握力和手部功能。坚持治疗的患者预后良好。

何时就医

  • 首次出现红、肿、痛的关节: 请立即就医。关节感染的外观与痛风完全相同,属于急症,因此必须将两者区分开来。
  • 反复发作,或发作频率增加:这是开始降尿酸治疗的信号。
  • 关节周围出现肿块,或肿块破溃皮肤并渗出粉笔样物质。
  • 手部麻木、刺痛或无力: 可能是沉积物压迫神经,值得进行评估。

更深入的了解

本节以更具深度、适合学生水平的讲解方式介绍相关生物学知识。虽然管理痛风并不需要掌握这些内容,但如果您好奇为何痛风发作如此突然且剧烈,以及为何治疗需要承担两项独立的任务,请继续阅读。

痛风究竟是什么:尿酸盐结晶

尿酸是身体分解称为嘌呤的物质(来自细胞和某些食物)时产生的正常代谢废物。当血液中的尿酸盐水平持续升高时,它会从溶液中析出,在关节内及周围形成微小的、针状的单钠尿酸盐(MSU)结晶。在温度较低的部位更容易形成结晶;这也是为什么大脚趾作为人体温度最低且最外周的关节,成为痛风典型的初次受累部位。

炎症小体:为何发作如此突然且剧烈

发作始于免疫吞噬细胞(巨噬细胞)吞噬尿酸盐(MSU)结晶。这些结晶触发了一个名为NLRP3炎症小体的内部警报复合物,该复合物激活了一种酶(caspase-1),进而释放一种强效的炎症介质——白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)。IL-1β使关节内充满炎症反应,在数小时内导致急性发作时出现的迅速、剧烈的红肿、发热和疼痛。同样由寒冷促进结晶形成的机制,也解释了痛风发作常于夜间出现且累及外周关节的特点。随着炎症反应的消退,发作通常在数天内自限。

为什么治疗有两个独立的任务

  • 治疗急性发作(秋水仙碱、抗炎药、类固醇,或在难治性病例中使用阻断 IL-1 的药物)可平息炎症,但对晶体本身无任何作用。
  • 长期治疗(降尿酸药物,如别嘌醇)将血尿酸水平降低至晶体形成阈值以下,从而使现有晶体逐渐溶解,并防止新晶体形成。这才是真正的治愈手段,但需要数月时间,且在晶体溶解过程中可能会短暂诱发发作,因此需谨慎起始治疗,并常辅以预防性用药。

痛风石与长期损害

如果高尿酸血症持续数年,尿酸盐结晶会聚集成称为痛风石的粉笔样肿块,并侵蚀关节的骨骼和软骨。降低尿酸水平并维持该水平是预防这种永久性损害的关键。


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