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腕韧带损伤

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Wrist ligament injuries—common causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options (conservative vs surgery).

Updated Aug 2026
一幅手绘插图，描绘了一个无脸的人在下落时扭伤了手腕，正因疼痛而捂着它。
舟月韧带将舟骨和月骨连接在一起。当该韧带撕裂时，这两块骨头会分离，导致手腕不均匀磨损。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能会注意到手腕靠近小指的内侧出现疼痛。这种尺侧疼痛是导致上肢功能障碍的常见原因。疼痛通常感觉深在且呈酸痛感。您可能还会感到不稳定性，仿佛手腕骨骼在活动时发生移位或卡顿。

疼痛常在活动后加剧。简单的日常任务可能变得困难。您可能难以伸手到背后扣内衣。将衬衫塞进裤子时可能会引发尖锐的刺痛。提举物体，尤其是掌心向下时，可能会加重损伤。如果您曾发生过桡骨远端骨折，相关的韧带损伤可能导致比单纯骨折更差的预后。

您的症状可能在夜间或醒来时加重。将患侧手腕侧卧受压通常会增加不适感。舟月骨间韧带和月三角骨间韧带损伤约占桡骨远端骨折的三分之一。这些内在韧带损伤至关重要。恢复尺月韧带功能对于防止损伤后腕关节功能进一步恶化非常重要。

月三角韧带撕裂并不常见，且诊断存在差异。它们通常与其他腕部病理改变一起被诊断。对于腕部疼痛非特异性的患者，临床医生在将症状归因于X线片上的解剖变异时应谨慎。腕骨骨折、韧带损伤以及由此导致的腕骨不稳代表了一组损伤谱系。这些损伤既可发生于急性创伤情况，也可发生于慢性过度使用综合征。

腕部高能量损伤包括多种骨-韧带病变，必须予以识别。早期诊断和适当治疗可使运动员在发生手部或腕部骨折或脱位后迅速重返赛场。然而，对于桡骨远端骨折相关的舟月骨间韧带和月三角骨间韧带损伤，普通X线片并不可靠地具有诊断价值。腕关节造影并非诊断腕部临床重要韧带损伤的确定性检查方法。

实际发生了什么

您的手腕由八块小骨头组成，它们相互滑动和扭转。这些骨头由称为韧带的强韧组织带固定。可以将这些韧带想象成悬索桥上的缆绳。它们使骨头保持对齐，以便您的手能够顺畅运动。当您手腕受伤时，这些“缆绳”可能会拉伸、撕裂或断裂。这种损伤被称为腕骨不稳。它导致您的手腕在日常负荷下无法保持正常形态。

手腕的运动方式取决于骨端的形状以及这些韧带的松紧度。手腕前排的骨头负责大部分运动。后排骨头基本保持静止，以提供稳定的基础。如果韧带受损，这种协调性就会破坏。骨头可能会移位。这种错位会导致疼痛和无力。它还会改变力量在手部的传递方式。简单的动作可能会变得困难或疼痛。

有时，邻近的骨折也可能导致这种不稳。靠近手腕的前臂骨骨折会破坏整个结构。这会限制手腕的弯曲幅度并削弱握力。韧带损伤通常使恢复比单纯骨折更加困难。理解这种机械性故障有助于解释为何您的手腕感觉不稳或疼痛。它也说明了恢复这些韧带“缆绳”的张力对于您的长期功能为何如此重要。

我们能采取的措施

您主刀医生的治疗策略反映了 Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton 上肢外科医生 Kieran Hirpara 博士在我们诊所处理此类损伤的方法。患者由全科医生或物理治疗师转诊至我们处接受护理。我们首先进行全面评估，包括病史采集、体格检查和影像学检查，以确诊。对于许多急性损伤，我们可能建议立即进行手术以恢复稳定性。对于陈旧性或退行性问题，我们通常先采取非手术治疗。

您可以从休息手腕并避免引起疼痛的动作开始。我们的物理治疗师或手治疗师将指导您进行恢复关节活动度并增强关节周围肌肉力量的锻炼。我们经常使用夹板来支撑手腕，使韧带得以稳定。这种保守疗法旨在通过非侵入性手段减轻疼痛并改善功能。在某些情况下，例如儿童急性舟骨骨折，非手术治疗可实现高愈合率且长期症状较少。然而，保守治疗可能不足以应对所有损伤，例如某些掌侧腕骨半脱位。

如果疼痛持续存在，我们可能会讨论药物选项，以帮助您在手腕愈合期间管理症状。这包括止痛药或抗炎药以减轻肿胀。我们也可能会考虑注射治疗。皮质类固醇注射可在一段时间内减轻炎症，帮助您参与康复治疗。透明质酸注射旨在润滑关节，尽管其长期疗效的证据不一。富血小板血浆（PRP）注射利用您自身的血液成分来促进愈合，但结果因人而异。这些治疗不能修复撕裂的韧带，但可以使日常活动更加舒适。

当非手术治疗未能提供足够的改善，或者损伤严重且需要立即进行结构性修复时，我们会考虑手术。我们的目标是恢复腕骨的正常排列和稳定性。我们可能会直接修复撕裂的韧带，或使用肌腱进行重建，以尽可能保留活动度。在涉及骨块的复杂病例中，我们可能会使用接骨板和螺钉来固定一切。对于不适合保留活动度选项的严重磨损性关节炎，我们可能会讨论融合术以缓解疼痛。选择取决于受累的具体韧带以及您关节的健康状况。我们会共同回顾证据，指出虽然许多患者经历了良好的疼痛缓解和功能改善，但约 20% 因慢性舟月韧带损伤接受手术的患者可能未见显著改善。在做出共同决策之前，我们确保您充分了解这些预后结果。

预期情况

腕关节的稳定性依赖于强大的韧带，这些韧带将腕骨固定在适当位置。当这些韧带受损时，恢复这种连接是防止进一步磨损的关键。如果得到早期诊断和适当的治疗，您通常可以相对快速地恢复正常活动或运动。然而，如果韧带功能未得到恢复，您的腕关节功能可能会随着时间的推移继续恶化。

恢复是一个因损伤严重程度而异的过程。在许多情况下，您会在数周至数月内看到疼痛和功能的改善。有些患者在几周后即可重返工作或运动，而另一些患者可能需要长达两年的时间才能完全恢复稳定。即使治疗成功，您的腕关节仍可能保持僵硬或活动受限。出现一些持久的僵硬是常见的，但大多数人能维持可接受的长期功能。

预后在很大程度上取决于损伤的具体类型及其管理方式。对于严重损伤，您的外科医生可能会讨论不同的手术选项以稳定关节。即使您接受了融合术或重建术等手术，长期来看您也能获得良好的功能结果。例如，研究表明，在某些融合术后，73% 的患者关节会出现影像学改变，但他们仍报告功能良好。同样，尽管扫描可能显示存在某些不稳定性，但大多数患者并未经历明显的疼痛或日常功能丧失。

对恢复时间线保持现实的态度很重要。虽然许多改善发生在早期，但完全恢复可能需要时间。在一些复杂病例中，延迟治疗可能无法改善骨骼的对齐。如果您伴有其他损伤，例如腕骨骨折合并韧带损伤，您的恢复过程可能比单纯骨折更具挑战性。您的外科医生将指导您度过这一过程，确保遵循基本的愈合原则，从而为您提供获得稳定、功能良好腕关节的最佳机会。

何时就医

若腕部持续性疼痛经休息后无改善，请咨询全科医生。若出现无力、不稳或卡压、错动感，请要求专科医生评估。这些症状可能影响睡眠或工作。受伤后疼痛突然加重也需要引起重视。早期诊断有助于防止腕部功能进一步恶化。您的外科医生可能会使用影像学检查来评估韧带撕裂。在复杂病例中，诊断性关节镜可提供最清晰的损伤视野。这有助于制定准确的治疗计划。切勿忽视持续不适，因为未经治疗的韧带问题可能导致长期僵硬或关节炎。

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 27 April 2026.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • The ulnar nerve is the most frequently involved nerve in revision total elbow arthroplasty [1].
  • Radial nerve injury accounts for a substantial proportion of nerve injuries in revision total elbow arthroplasty [1].
  • Anatomical anterior and posterior reconstruction for scapholunate dissociation resulted in no patients requiring secondary surgery or treatment related to carpal stabilization [2].
  • A negative MRI result is unable to rule out clinically relevant injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) of the wrist [4].
  • A negative MRI result is unable to rule out clinically relevant injury to the scapholunate (SL) ligament of the wrist [4].
  • A negative MRI result is unable to rule out clinically relevant injury to the lunotriquetral (LT) ligament of the wrist [4].
  • Arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears showed encouraging preliminary results in a series of 36 patients [5].
  • Arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears provided pain relief [5].
  • Arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears allowed recovery of grip strength [5].
  • Arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears had a low incidence of postoperative wrist stiffness [5].
  • All professional athletes in the series of 36 patients returned to preinjury sports levels following arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears [5].
  • Radioscapholunate arthrodesis with compression screws and local autograft is an effective method for appropriately selected patients with a preserved midcarpal joint [7].
  • Radioscapholunate arthrodesis with compression screws and local autograft achieved a 100% union rate at a mean follow-up of 12 months [7].
  • Radioscapholunate arthrodesis with compression screws and local autograft had no complications in the reported series [7].
  • There is a lack of consensus in carpal tunnel management for patients with perilunate dislocations [9].
  • The lack of consensus in carpal tunnel management for perilunate dislocations is due to few studies with small sample sizes and inconsistent follow-up [9].
  • Both wrist arthrodesis and revision total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) are technically demanding procedures [10].
  • Revision wrist arthroplasty strategies should be performed with multidisciplinary team input, preferably in a specialist centre [10].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • A negative MRI result cannot rule out clinically relevant injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), scapholunate (SL) ligament, or lunotriquetral (LT) ligament [4].
  • Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is a non-invasive and affordable method to assess and quantify wrist kinematics by incorporating the temporal dimension [3].
  • An individualized, multimodal approach combining clinical examination, imaging, and direct arthroscopic evaluation is essential for early diagnosis of scapholunate injuries and prevention of arthritis progression [12].
  • Sensorimotor techniques including proprioceptive retraining may improve pain, neuromuscular control, and functional outcomes in patients with chronic wrist pain due to ligament injury without structural instability [14].
  • A consistent longitudinal branch of the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve (PABCN) courses over the interval between the brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus in the proximal third of the forearm [15].

Classification

  • Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is a method to assess and quantify wrist kinematics by incorporating the temporal dimension [3].
  • A negative MRI result cannot rule out clinically relevant injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), scapholunate (SL) ligament, or lunotriquetral (LT) ligament [4].
  • Dorsal extrinsic ligaments demonstrate MRI signal changes suggestive of acute or chronic injury in patients with an SL interval of 2 mm or greater more often than in patients with an SL interval less than 2 mm [8].
  • An individualized, multimodal approach combining clinical examination, imaging, and direct arthroscopic evaluation is essential for early diagnosis of SL injuries [12].
  • Lunate fracture-subluxations are unstable injuries best managed with fixation of the carpal fractures [18].
  • Lunate fracture-dislocations are complex injuries requiring stabilization of the lunate, associated fractures, and ligament injuries [18].

Clinical Presentation

  • Ulnar nerve injury is the most frequently involved nerve injury in revision total elbow arthroplasty [1].
  • There is a lack of consensus on carpal tunnel management in patients with perilunate dislocations due to few studies with small sample sizes and inconsistent follow-up [9].
  • Sensorimotor techniques including proprioceptive retraining may improve pain, neuromuscular control, and functional outcomes in patients with chronic wrist pain due to ligament injury [14].
  • Patients with dorsal radiotriquetral ligament snapping wrist syndrome demonstrated complete resolution of symptoms after debridement of thickened scar tissue on the undersurface of the dorsal radiotriquetral ligament [16].
  • Lunate fracture-dislocations are complex injuries requiring stabilization of the lunate, associated fractures, and ligament injuries, and are associated with common complications [18].
  • Symptomatic improvement can occur following carpal tunnel release in patients with severe carpal tunnel syndrome [26].

Investigations

  • Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is a promising, non-invasive, and affordable method to assess and quantify wrist kinematics, extending conventional CT by incorporating the temporal dimension [3].
  • A negative result from MRI is unable to rule out the possibility of a clinically relevant injury to the TFCC, SL ligament, or LT ligament of the wrist [4].
  • Dorsal extrinsic ligaments demonstrate MRI signal change suggestive of acute or chronic injury in patients with an SL interval 2 mm or greater more often than in patients with an SL interval less than 2 mm [8].
  • The sensitivity and specificity of MRI are influenced by the anatomic location of the lesion and technical conditions [35].
  • There is no evidence for the superiority of 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging over 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for diagnosing wrist ligamentous lesions [35].
  • An individualized, multimodal approach that combines clinical examination, imaging, and, when appropriate, direct arthroscopic evaluation is essential for early diagnosis of SL injuries and prevention of arthritis progression [12].

Treatment

  • Arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair in chronic scapholunate ligament tears showed encouraging preliminary results including pain relief, recovery of grip strength, low incidence of postoperative wrist stiffness, and all professional athletes returning to preinjury sports levels [5].
  • Radioscapholunate arthrodesis with compression screws and local autograft is an effective method for appropriately selected patients with a preserved midcarpal joint, achieving a 100% union rate at mean follow-up of 12 months with no complications [7].
  • Surgical intervention for palmar midcarpal instability using autograft reconstruction of the radiotriquetral ligament and controlled thermal capsulorrhaphy showed lasting symptom relief and improved patient-reported outcomes in 7 patients at an average of 34 months after surgery [13].
  • Staged reduction of neglected transscaphoid perilunate fracture dislocation results in good functional pain-free range of motion if properly executed [17].
  • Lunate fracture-dislocations are complex injuries requiring stabilization of the lunate, associated fractures, and ligament injuries, with common complications [18].
  • Proximal migration of the thumb metacarpal does not appear to influence functional outcome in ligament reconstruction with or without tendon interposition to treat primary thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis [6].
  • Four-corner fusion versus proximal row carpectomy for scapholunate advanced collapse and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse wrists shows that proximal row carpectomy results in better outcomes and a lower complication rate compared to four-corner fusion [28].

Complications

  • Nerve injury is a complication of revision total elbow arthroplasty, with the ulnar nerve being the most frequently involved and the radial nerve accounting for a substantial proportion of cases [1].
  • No patient required secondary surgery or treatment related to carpal stabilization in a series of ten patients undergoing anatomical anterior and posterior reconstruction for scapholunate dissociation [2].
  • Arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears is associated with a low incidence of postoperative wrist stiffness [5].
  • Radioscapholunate arthrodesis with compression screws and local autograft achieved a 100% union rate with no complications in appropriately selected patients with a preserved midcarpal joint [7].
  • Closed surgical techniques for acute perilunate injuries may result in a smaller postoperative scapholunate gap and better wrist flexion–extension angle and MMW scores compared to open surgery, although the causal relationship is uncertain due to potential differences in injury severity between cohorts [11].
  • Surgical intervention for palmar midcarpal instability using autograft reconstruction of the radiotriquetral ligament and controlled thermal capsulorrhaphy showed lasting symptom relief and improved patient-reported outcomes in a series of 7 patients at an average of 34 months after surgery [13].
  • Quadriceps tendon autograft with or without bone block have comparable complications for ACL reconstruction [19].
  • Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) demonstrates low complication and revision rates at minimum 48-month mean follow-up [21].
  • There is an association between longer follow-up and higher revision rate in rotator cuff repair study designs [24].
  • Shoulder arthroplasties are generally designed to last 10-15 years, but revisions are being performed at a mean of 3.9 years from the primary procedure [34].

Recovery

  • No patient required secondary surgery or treatment related to carpal stabilization following anatomical anterior and posterior reconstruction for scapholunate dissociation [2].
  • Arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears resulted in pain relief, recovery of grip strength, and a low incidence of postoperative wrist stiffness [5].
  • All professional athletes in the series of arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair for chronic scapholunate ligament tears returned to preinjury sports levels [5].
  • Debridement of thickened scar tissue on the undersurface of the dorsal radiotriquetral ligament resulted in complete resolution of symptoms in patients with dorsal radiotriquetral ligament snapping wrist syndrome [16].
  • Surgical intervention for palmar midcarpal instability using autograft reconstruction of the radiotriquetral ligament and controlled thermal capsulorrhaphy showed lasting symptom relief and improved patient-reported outcomes at an average of 34 months after surgery [13].
  • Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction provides excellent patient-reported and clinical outcomes at medium-term follow-up with low complication and revision rates [21].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] The ulnar nerve is most frequently involved, although radial nerve injury accounts for a substantial proportion of cases. [1] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.042)
  • [L4] No patient required secondary surgery or treatment related to the carpal stabilization. [2] (10.1177/1753193419886536)
  • [L5] Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is a promising, non-invasive, and affordable method to assess and quantify wrist kinematics, extending conventional CT by incorporating the temporal dimension. [3] (10.1177/17531934251326028)
  • [L2] A negative result from MRI is unable to rule out the possibility of a clinically relevant injury to the TFCC, SL ligament, or LT ligament of the wrist. [4] (10.1016/j.arthro.2015.04.090)
  • [L4] The series of 36 patients shows encouraging preliminary results with pain relief, recovery of grip strength, low incidence of postoperative wrist stiffness, and all professional athletes returning to preinjury sports levels. [5] (10.1016/j.hcl.2011.07.003)
  • [L1] Furthermore, proximal migration of the thumb metacarpal does not appear to influence the functional outcome. [6] (10.2106/jbjs.d.02630)
  • [L4] This technique is an effective method to perform radioscapholunate arthrodesis in appropriately selected patients with a preserved midcarpal joint, achieving a 100% union rate at mean follow-up of 12 months with no complications. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.01.026)
  • [L4] Dorsal extrinsic ligaments demonstrate MRI signal change suggestive of acute or chronic injury in patients with an SL interval 2 mm or greater more often than in patients with an SL interval less than 2 mm. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.03.003)
  • [L4] There is a lack of consensus in carpal tunnel management in perilunate dislocation patients due to few studies with small sample sizes and inconsistent follow-up. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100797)
  • [L5] Both wrist arthrodesis and revision TWA are technically demanding and should be performed with multidisciplinary team input, preferably in a specialist centre. [10] (10.1177/17531934241297843)
  • [L1] Closed surgical techniques may result in a smaller postoperative scapholunate gap and better wrist flexion–extension angle and MMW scores compared to open surgery, but these findings may relate to different cohorts in terms of injury severity, making the causal relationship uncertain. [11] (10.1177/17531934221150331)
  • [L5] Moving forward, an individualized, multimodal approach that combines clinical examination, imaging, and, when appropriate, direct arthroscopic evaluation will be essential for early diagnosis of SL injuries and prevention of arthritis progression. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.11.021)
  • [L4] The surgical intervention for palmar midcarpal instability using autograft reconstruction of the radiotriquetral ligament and controlled thermal capsulorrhaphy has shown lasting symptom relief and improved patient-reported outcomes in 7 patients at an average of 34 months after surgery. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.02.010)
  • [L5] Sensorimotor techniques including proprioceptive retraining may improve pain, neuromuscular control, and functional outcomes in patients with chronic wrist pain due to ligament injury. [14] (10.1016/j.jht.2016.03.008)
  • [L5] In addition, in the proximal third of the forearm, a consistent longitudinal branch of the PABCN courses over the interval between the brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.08.011)
  • [Case_report] Both patients demonstrated complete resolution of symptoms after debridement of the thickened scar tissue on the undersurface of the dorsal radiotriquetral ligament. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.12.029)
  • [L4] If properly executed, a good functional pain free range of motion is the usual outcome. [17] (10.1186/1749-799x-7-19)
  • [L4] Lunate fracture-subluxations are unstable injuries that are best managed with fixation of the carpal fractures, while lunate fracture-dislocations are complex injuries requiring stabilization of the lunate, associated fractures and ligament injuries with common complications. [18] (10.1177/1753193417740850)
  • [L4] Both grafts are safe and viable options for ACL reconstruction with comparable clinical outcomes, complications and revision rates. [19] (10.1007/s00167-022-07281-z)
  • [L4] UCLR provides excellent patient-reported and clinical outcomes to patients at medium-term follow-up with low complication and revision rates. [21] (10.1136/jisakos-2021-000614)
  • [L1] There was an association between longer follow-up and higher revision rate. [24] (10.1016/j.asmr.2024.100993)
  • [L4] Symptomatic improvement following carpal tunnel release in patients with severe CTS can occur. [26] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.11.015)
  • [L1] In the treatment of scapholunate advanced collapse and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse wrists, PRC results in better outcomes and a lower complication rate compared to 4CF. [28] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.01.011)
  • [L4] Generally, shoulder arthroplasties are designed to last 10-15 years; however, revisions are being performed at a mean 3.9 years from the primary procedure. [34] (10.1016/j.jse.2019.12.015)
  • [L1] The sensitivity and specificity of MRI are influenced by the anatomic location of the lesion and technical conditions. [35] (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.04.029)

References

[1] Nerve Injury in Revision Total Elbow Arthroplasty - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.042

[2] Anatomical anterior and posterior reconstruction for scapholunate dissociation: preliminary outcome in ten patients. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1753193419886536

[3] Dynamic wrist imaging: How it works and how to assess kinematic changes in wrists with scapholunate instability. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251326028

[4] Efficacy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Tests in Diagnostics of Wrist Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.04.090

[5] Arthroscopic Dorsal Capsuloligamentous Repair in Chronic Scapholunate Ligament Tears. Hand Clinics. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2011.07.003

[6] Ligament Reconstruction with or without Tendon Interposition to Treat Primary Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2005. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.d.02630

[7] Radioscapholunate Arthrodesis With Compression Screws and Local Autograft. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.01.026

[8] Dorsal Extrinsic Ligament Injury and Static Scapholunate Diastasis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.03.003

[9] A Review of Perilunate Dislocations and Concomitant Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: When Should the Carpal Tunnel be Released?. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100797

[10] Revision wrist arthroplasty strategies. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241297843

[11] Complications and outcomes of operative treatment for acute perilunate injuries: a systematic review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934221150331

[12] Imaging for Scapholunate Ligament Injuries: Techniques, Challenges, and Innovations. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.11.021

[13] Culp Midcarpal Reconstruction to Treat Palmar Midcarpal Instability. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.02.010

[14] Proprioception retraining for a patient with chronic wrist pain secondary to ligament injury with no structural instability. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2016.03.008

[15] Anatomy of the Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve, Revisited. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.08.011

[16] Dorsal Radiotriquetral Ligament Snapping Wrist Syndrome – A Novel Presentation and Review of Literature: Case Report. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.12.029

[17] Staged reduction of neglected transscaphoid perilunate fracture dislocation: A report of 16 cases. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2012. DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-7-19

[18] Lunate fractures and associated radiocarpal and midcarpal instabilities: a systematic review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1753193417740850

[19] Quadriceps tendon autograft with or without bone block have comparable clinical outcomes, complications and revision rate for ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07281-z

[21] Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow at minimum 48-month mean follow-up demonstrates excellent clinical outcomes with low complication and revision rates: systematic review. Journal of ISAKOS. 2021. DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2021-000614

[24] Rotator Cuff Repair Study Designs Correlate With Revision Shoulder Surgery Rates: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2024.100993

[26] A Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Carpal Ligament Release in Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.11.015

[28] Four-Corner Fusion Versus Proximal Row Carpectomy for Scapholunate Advanced Collapse and Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse Wrist: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.01.011

[34] Revision shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review and comparison of North American vs. European outcomes and complications. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.12.015

[35] No Evidence for the Superiority of 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Over 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosing Wrist Ligamentous Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.04.029

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