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肱二头肌腱病及长头腱断裂

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Front-of-shoulder biceps tendon pain and the "Popeye" long-head rupture — and why the rupture usually needs no surgery.

肱二头肌长头腱断裂后上臂出现的“波派”样隆起。
肱二头肌长头腱断裂后,可在上臂形成“波派”样隆起。 James Heilman, MD / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

肱二头肌位于上臂前侧。其长头肌腱沿肱骨顶部向上延伸,进入肩关节,此处正是引发问题的部位。

最常见的症状是肩前部深处、持续的疼痛,通常位于肩峰尖端下方数厘米处。在举手过头、抬举或提重物时可能出现酸痛,有时疼痛会沿上臂前侧放射。许多人难以指出确切痛点。由于肱二头肌腱紧邻肩袖,此类疼痛常与肩袖病变并存,且两者在未经检查时难以区分。

有时会发生更剧烈的情况。磨损的肌腱可能断裂,多见于老年人,且疼痛往往出乎意料地轻微。此时,肌腹会沿手臂下移,形成一个柔软的隆起,外观类似小球或屈曲的肌肉。这就是典型的“波派征”(Popeye sign)。虽然外观可能令人震惊,但单独出现时通常并不如看起来那么严重。

实际发生了什么

肌腱是连接肌肉与骨骼的坚韧索状结构,就像任何经常使用的绳索一样,它们会随时间推移而磨损。在肱二头肌肌腱病中,肱二头肌长头肌腱在穿过肱骨顶端的狭窄沟槽并进入肩关节的过程中,会发生炎症和磨损。这种磨损正是您感到肩前部疼痛的原因。由于该肌腱与肩袖肌腱共享这一拥挤的空间,两者常同时磨损,因此肱二头肌疼痛与肩袖疼痛经常同时出现。

如果这种磨损持续存在,肌腱最终可能完全断裂。当长头肌腱断裂时,肌肉在上方不再被固定,因此会向手臂下方滑动,形成“波派臂”(Popeye bulge)外观。这里有一个令人安心的事实:肱二头肌在肩关节处实际上有两个附着点(长头和短头),而短头保持完整。因此,当长头断裂时,手臂仍能保留大部分力量,外观上的改变是主要影响。

这是一个重要的区别。近端(肩端)断裂通常是一个较小的问题。而在肌肉另一端,即肘部发生的断裂(肱二头肌远端断裂),则是完全不同的情况:这可能导致明显的力量丧失,并且通常需要手术修复。这两种断裂产生的外观隆起可能相似,因此明确是哪一端断裂至关重要。

我们能做什么

对于肱二头肌肌腱病,第一步措施简单且非手术,大多数患者通过这些措施即可缓解:

  • 活动调整: 减少会加重症状的过头和举重动作,同时保持肩关节活动。
  • 物理治疗: 在旋转袖也受累的情况下,通过指导性的锻炼来缓解肌腱炎症并重新平衡肩关节。
  • 抗炎药物: 服用药片以减轻疼痛和炎症。
  • 注射治疗: 有时会在肌腱周围或肩关节内注射皮质类固醇,以平息顽固性的急性发作。

手术仅用于经过上述措施治疗后疼痛仍持续的情况。当需要手术时,主要有两种选择。可以切断肌腱,使其不再牵拉疼痛区域(肌腱切断术),这通常会留下“波派”样隆起,但能可靠地缓解疼痛。或者,可以将肌腱重新固定在上臂骨较低的位置(肌腱固定术),这能保持肌肉的正常形态并避免隆起,但恢复期较长。由于这两个问题经常同时发生,这些手术通常与旋转袖手术同时进行。

对于肱二头肌长头近端断裂,通常的建议是完全不需要手术。力量损失很小,且隆起主要是美容问题。一些较年轻或活动量较大的人,或因外观或肌肉痉挛而感到困扰的人,可能会选择重新固定的手术,但对于大多数人来说,不予处理是正确的选择。

预期情况

大多数肱二头肌肌腱病通过耐心治疗和正确的锻炼均可改善。恢复过程可能较慢(需数月而非数周),但预后良好,绝大多数患者可完全避免手术。当肱二头肌问题作为更广泛的肩袖问题的一部分时,恢复过程遵循肩袖的恢复轨迹,同时治疗两者可获得最佳效果。

如果您发生了肱二头肌长头近端断裂并决定不接受手术治疗,您可以预期:最初的酸痛感会在数周内消退,力量将恢复至接近正常水平,而“波派征”(Popeye bulge,即肱二头肌肌腹下移形成的隆起)将作为永久但无害的体征保留下来。该隆起不会随时间推移而加重,也无需进行修复。

何时就医

  • 肩部前方疼痛持续不缓解,尤其是在过头伸展或抬举时:值得进行评估,因为这通常提示肱二头肌或肩袖存在问题,且对治疗反应良好。
  • 上臂突然出现隆起并伴有无力: 需要进行检查以确认这是肩部肱二头肌长头无害的形态改变,而肘部撕裂,后者是不同的损伤,可能需要手术。
  • 年轻或活跃人群中的肌腱断裂: 即使是近端断裂也值得复查,既要确保诊断明确,也要讨论对您而言进行修复是否有价值。
  • 已知断裂后持续的肱二头肌痉挛或酸痛: 通常较轻,但如果困扰您,可以进行治疗。

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