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球衣指(屈肌腱撕脱)

The deep flexor tendon avulses off the fingertip — why it is time-critical, and the surgery to reattach it.

Jersey finger 示意图——深屈肌腱自指端骨(远节指骨)撕脱。
Jersey指:深屈肌腱从指尖撕脱,导致指尖无法屈曲。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

“球衣指”(Jersey finger)通常发生在一个您能清晰回忆的瞬间,最常见于运动中的抓握动作。一个典型的例子是在橄榄球或足球比赛中抓住对手的一把球衣,而对手正试图挣脱,该病症的名称即由此而来。指尖会突然感到剧烈疼痛,随后手指肿胀并可能出现瘀伤。

典型的体征是您无法弯曲手指的最末端。指尖关节(即最靠近指甲的小关节,称为远端指间关节/DIP关节)在您试图握拳时无法向掌心弯曲,尽管手指的其他部分可以活动。无名指是最常受累的指头。有些人还会注意到手指更近端处甚至手掌内有一个压痛的肿块:该肿块是肌腱的末端,它已从骨头上撕脱并像松开的橡皮筋一样回缩。

实际发生了什么

一条名为指深屈肌腱(FDP)的强韧肌腱沿每根手指的掌侧走行,并附着于指尖的小骨(远节指骨)上。其功能是弯曲该末节指间关节。在“球衣指”(jersey finger)损伤中,手指在肌肉用力弯曲的同时被强行拉直,导致肌腱从其与指尖骨的附着点撕裂,有时还会撕下一小块骨片。

游离肌腱断端回缩的距离至关重要,外科医生正是依据这一点对这些损伤进行分类(Leddy–Packer 分类)。当肌腱仅短距离回缩并停留在手指内时,通常仍保留部分血供,可稍作等待。当肌腱完全回缩至手掌时,其血供丧失,且其正常滑行的通道(滑车系统)开始瘢痕化并闭合。因此,完全回缩的球衣指损伤具有时间紧迫性:延误时间越长,将肌腱复位并重新附着就越困难。若仍有骨片附着于肌腱,该损伤通常保持原位,有时可稍后处理。

我们如何处理该问题

在我们的诊所,Kieran Hirpara 医生通过仔细评估您的病史和体格检查来确认诊断,从而管理这一病症。由于肌腱通常需要在数天内重新附着,因此一般建议立即手术,而不是先尝试非手术治疗。

Jersey finger(指屈肌腱撕脱伤)几乎总是通过手术将肌腱重新附着于骨骼来治疗。根据肌腱的具体情况,有几种不同的手术方式:

  • 如果肌腱完全从骨骼上撕脱,则使用植入骨骼的小锚钉进行重新附着,或者通过穿过指尖的缝线并在纽扣上打结(“牵拉式”修复)来固定。
  • 如果肌腱撕脱时带走了骨碎片,则将该碎片复位并固定,通常使用微型螺钉、钢丝或小钢板。

最关键的因素是时机。如果肌腱回缩至手掌,通常需要在大约 7 至 10 天内进行修复,以免其失去过多的长度和血液供应。由骨碎片固定的损伤通常可以稍晚一些修复。这就是为什么快速评估确实会改变可行的治疗方案。

如果损伤被漏诊或仅在数周或数月后才被发现,简单的重新附着可能已不再可行。在这种情况下,选择范围更大:使用移植物重建肌腱,或者,如果指尖关节是问题所在,则融合该小关节以获得稳定且无痛的手指。在任何此类修复术后,精心分阶段的手部治疗计划对于确保肌腱在愈合期间安全活动而不被撕裂至关重要。

预期情况

如果“球衣指”(jersey finger)能在早期被发现并得到良好修复,预后通常较好,大多数人能恢复指尖有力且实用的活动功能。然而,恢复过程并非迅速。修复后的屈肌腱在最初几周内非常脆弱,因此您需要佩戴保护性夹板,并遵循手部治疗师制定的方案,该方案会逐步且安全地重新引入活动。急于求成是导致修复失败的主要原因。通常需要数月时间才能恢复完全握力及进行较重的活动,您的治疗师和外科医生将指导您返回运动或体力劳动的时机。

值得了解的是,即使修复良好,指尖关节也可能比健侧略显僵硬。治疗延迟,或需要肌腱移植或关节融合的损伤,往往会导致指尖活动范围更受限,这正是早期治疗如此有价值的原因。

何时就医

  • 握持损伤后,指尖无法弯曲。 这是“球衣指”(jersey finger)的关键体征,应及时检查:切勿等待观察其是否自行缓解。 看似“卡住”或扭伤的手指,可能是肌腱从骨头上撕脱,早期修复可获得最佳效果。
  • 此类损伤后,手指或手掌出现压痛性肿块,尤其是伴有指尖屈曲功能丧失时。
  • 运动或握持损伤后,手指出现显著疼痛、肿胀或瘀青,且症状未缓解。
  • 任何手指损伤,若活动、感觉或外观似乎异常:如有疑问,应进行评估,因为获得最佳预后的时间窗口可能很短。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的范围。Jersey指(屈肌腱撕脱伤)值得额外阅读,因为它是手部损伤中延误治疗最直接地限制治疗选择的情况,且肌腱不会停留在撕裂部位;此外,实验室对修复方法的比较指向一个方向,而临床顾虑却指向另一个方向。

为何在此处时间比在其他部位更为关键

指深屈肌腱负责弯曲指尖。在此类损伤中,该肌腱从其远节指骨附着处撕脱,通常发生在手指抓握时衣物被夹住的情况下,这正是该损伤名称的经典来源机制。

一旦脱离,肌腱会沿手指向近端回缩,其回缩距离决定了可采取的治疗措施。若肌腱仍停留在指尖附近,由其血供和滑车系统固定,则可进行直接再植。若肌腱回缩至手掌,其血供将撕裂,其必须重新穿过的腱鞘开始瘢痕化,且肌肉本身开始缩短。

预后因素恰恰反映了这一点:肌腱近端回缩的程度、撕脱的病程,以及是否存在相关的骨碎片 [1]。骨碎片的存在反而是好消息,它通常意味着肌腱锚定在指尖附近且未发生远端回缩。

这就是为何“球衣指”(jersey finger)的治疗需要一种患者可能觉得与其手指并不特别疼痛且功能基本正常这一状况不相称的紧迫感。

容易漏诊,原因在于解剖结构

手指外观几乎正常。指浅屈肌腱完整,因此中指间关节仍能屈曲,随手观察手部闭合时,并无明显异常。

唯一可靠的检查方法是保持中指间关节伸直,要求患者仅屈曲指尖。若指深屈肌腱断裂,该动作将完全缺失,而非仅表现为肌力减弱。了解这一点至关重要,因为此类损伤在伤后第一周常被误诊为扭伤,而第一周恰恰是治疗选择范围最宽的时期。

实验室数据倾向于缝线锚钉;临床图景则更为均衡

两种修复方法占主导地位:一种是缝线穿过骨骼并在指甲上的纽扣上打结,另一种是将缝线锚钉植入骨骼本身。

汇总跨 201 个标本的生物力学研究,与缝线纽扣拔出相比,缝线锚钉修复显示出 初始结构刚度增加且间隙形成减少,但在 最终失效载荷方面无显著差异 [2]。

相比之下,临床综述指出 多股修复效果更佳,拔出式缝线-背侧纽扣修复可能出现间隙,且 缝线锚钉方法仍存在骨拔出的担忧 [1]。

因此,每种方法都有其特有的弱点:纽扣结构可能会拉伸并产生间隙,而锚钉可能会从小块骨骼中拔出。实验室测得的刚度优势是真实的,但它仅解决了两种失效模式中的一种,这很好地说明了生物力学上的优越性并不自动转化为更好的临床结果。

若未修复将丧失什么

未修复的指深屈肌腱会导致指尖无法主动屈曲。对许多人而言,这种状态是可以接受的;若损伤就诊时间非常晚,接受这一现状是一个合理的选择,因为在该阶段,替代方案为分期肌腱移植或指尖关节融合术,两者均比早期再植术更为复杂。

其功能代价是具体的而非笼统的:表现为抓握小物体时,以及手部环绕手柄闭合的最后阶段。这决定了一只手是“能用”还是“完全能用”,而这一差异的重要性完全取决于该手的具体用途。

参考文献

[1] Ruchelsman DE, Christoforou D, Wasserman B, Lee SK, Rettig ME. 指深屈肌腱撕脱伤. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(3):152-62. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201103000-00004

[2] Imbergamo CM, Sequeira SB, Miles MR, Means KR. 缝线纽扣拔出与缝线锚固定用于指深屈肌腱再植的生物力学研究荟萃分析. Hand (N Y). 2022;19(4):671-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589447221126760


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