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Jersey Finger(屈肌腱撕脱)

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The deep flexor tendon avulses off the fingertip — why it is time-critical, and the surgery to reattach it.

Jersey finger 的示意图——指深屈肌腱从指尖骨上撕脱。
屈肌腱断裂(Jersey finger):指深屈肌腱从指尖处撕脱,导致指尖无法弯曲。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

Jersey 指通常发生在您记忆清晰的瞬间,最常见于运动过程中抓握时。一个经典的例子是在橄榄球或足球比赛中,当对手试图挣脱时,您一把抓住对方球衣的布料,这也是该名称的由来。指尖会出现突然的锐痛,随后手指肿胀并可能出现瘀伤。

最具特征性的表现是您无法弯曲指尖。当您尝试握拳时,指尖关节(靠近指甲的小关节,称为远端指间关节,DIP 关节)无法弯曲进入掌心,尽管手指的其他部分可以活动。环指是最常受累的指头。有些人还会在手指更下方甚至手掌处摸到一个压痛性肿块:这个肿块是肌腱的末端,它已从骨骼上断裂,并像松开的橡皮筋一样回缩。

实际发生的情况

一条名为指深屈肌腱(flexor digitorum profundus,FDP)的强韧肌腱沿每根手指的掌侧走行,并附着于指尖的小骨(远节指骨)。其功能是屈曲该远端指间关节。在绞指伤(jersey finger)中,手指在肌肉强力收缩试图屈曲的瞬间被强行伸直,导致肌腱从其附着于指尖骨的锚定点撕脱,有时还会带下一小块骨片。

腱断端回缩的程度至关重要,外科医生据此对这些损伤进行分类(Leddy-Packer 分类)。当肌腱仅回缩一小段距离并保留在手指内时,它通常能保留部分血液供应,可以稍作等待。当肌腱完全回缩至手掌时,它将失去血液供应,且其正常滑行的通道(腱鞘系统)开始发生瘢痕形成和闭塞。这就是为什么完全回缩的绞指伤属于时间敏感型损伤:拖延时间越长,将肌腱拉回并重新固定的难度就越大。如果损伤伴有骨片附着,骨片通常能保持原位,有时可以稍后处理。

我们能做什么

Jersey指几乎总是需要通过手术将肌腱重新附着到骨骼上。根据肌腱的具体情况,有几种不同的修复方式:

  • 如果肌腱完全从骨骼上撕脱,则通过在骨骼中植入小型锚钉,或将缝线穿过指尖并打结固定于按钮上(“引出”修复)进行重新附着。
  • 如果肌腱撕脱时带有一块骨碎片,则将该骨碎片复位并固定,通常使用微型螺钉、钢丝或小钢板。

最关键的因素是时机。回缩至手掌的肌腱通常需要在大约7到10天内进行修复,以免肌腱过度缩短和血供丧失。由骨碎片固定的损伤通常可以稍晚处理。这就是为什么尽快接受评估确实能改变治疗的可能性。

如果损伤被遗漏或在数周或数月后才被发现,简单的重新附着可能已不再可行。在这种情况下,可选择更复杂的手术:使用移植物重建肌腱,或者如果问题出在指尖关节,则将该小关节融合,以获得稳定且无痛的手指。在任何修复手术后,都需要进行精心分阶段的康复手部治疗计划,以确保肌腱在愈合过程中安全活动,而不会再次撕裂。

预期情况

若腱板指(jersey finger)在早期被发现并得到良好修复,预后通常良好,大多数人可恢复指尖有力的、有功能的活动度。然而,恢复过程并不迅速。修复后的屈肌腱在最初数周内较为脆弱,因此您需要佩戴保护性夹板,并遵循手治疗师制定的方案,逐步且安全地重新引入活动度;急于求成是导致修复失败的主要原因。通常需要数月时间才能恢复完全握力及较重的活动,您何时可以重返运动或体力工作,将由治疗师和外科医生指导。

值得注意的是,即使修复效果良好,患侧指尖关节仍可能比健侧稍显僵硬。治疗延迟,或需要肌腱移植或关节融合术的损伤,往往会导致指尖活动度受限更明显,这也正是早期治疗极具价值的原因。

何时就医

  • 抓握伤后无法弯曲指尖。 这是绞索指(jersey finger)的关键体征,应及时检查:不要等待其自行缓解。 看似“挫伤”或扭伤的指头可能是肌腱从骨头上撕脱,早期修复可获得最佳效果。
  • 此类损伤后指头或手掌出现压痛性肿块,尤其伴有指尖屈曲功能丧失。
  • 运动或抓握伤后,指头出现显著疼痛、肿胀或瘀斑且未缓解。
  • 任何指头损伤,若活动度、感觉或外观异常:如有疑虑,应进行评估,因为获得最佳预后的时间窗口可能很短。

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