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腱板损伤(屈肌腱撕脱)

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The deep flexor tendon avulses off the fingertip — why it is time-critical, and the surgery to reattach it.

Jersey finger 的示意图——指深屈肌腱从指尖骨上撕脱。
屈肌腱断裂(Jersey finger):指深屈肌腱从指尖处撕脱,导致指尖无法弯曲。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

机器翻译,已经临床审核。

您的感受

Jersey 指通常在您记忆清晰的瞬间发生,最常见于运动中的抓握动作。一个典型的例子是在橄榄球或足球比赛中,当对手试图挣脱时,您一把抓住对方球衣的衣角,这也是该名称的由来。指尖会出现突然的锐痛,随后手指肿胀并可能出现瘀伤。

最具特征性的表现是您无法弯曲指尖。当您尝试握拳时,指尖关节(靠近指甲的小关节,称为远端指间关节,DIP 关节)无法屈曲至掌心,尽管手指的其他部分可以活动。环指是最常受累的指头。有些人还会在手指更下方甚至手掌处摸到一个压痛性肿块:这个肿块就是肌腱的断端,它已从骨面上撕脱,并像松开的橡皮筋一样回缩。

实际发生的情况

一根名为指深屈肌(flexor digitorum profundus,FDP)的强韧肌腱沿每根手指的掌侧走行,并附着于指尖的小骨上。其功能是屈曲该远端指间关节。在绞趾伤(jersey finger)中,手指在肌肉强力收缩试图屈曲的瞬间被强行伸直,导致肌腱从其附着于指尖骨的锚定点撕脱,有时还会带下一小块骨片。

肌腱游离端回缩的程度至关重要,外科医生据此对这类损伤进行分组(Leddy-Packer 分类)。当肌腱仅回缩一小段距离并保留在手指内时,它通常能保留部分血液供应,可以稍作等待。当肌腱完全回缩至手掌时,它会失去血液供应,且其正常滑行的通道(滑车系统)开始瘢痕化并闭合。这就是为什么完全回缩的绞趾伤是时间敏感的:拖延时间越长,将肌腱拉回并重新固定的难度就越大。如果损伤中仍有骨碎片附着,肌腱通常不会移位,有时可以稍后处理。

我们能做什么

在我们的诊所,Kieran Hirpara 医生首先通过仔细评估您的病史和体格检查来确诊此病。对于陈旧性损伤,我们通常先采取非手术治疗,仅在非手术治疗无法提供足够缓解时才考虑手术。

Jersey 指几乎总是需要通过手术将肌腱重新附着到骨头上。根据肌腱的具体情况,有两种修复方法:

  • 如果肌腱从骨头上完全撕脱,则通过在骨内放置一个小锚钉,或穿过指尖的缝线并在按钮上打结(“拔出式”修复)来重新固定肌腱。
  • 如果肌腱撕脱时带下一块骨碎片,则将该骨碎片复位并固定,通常使用微型螺钉、钢丝或小钢板。

最重要的因素是时机。回缩至手掌的肌腱通常需要在 7 到 10 天内 进行修复,以免肌腱失去过多长度和血液供应。由骨碎片固定的损伤通常可以稍晚处理。这就是为什么尽快进行评估确实能改变治疗的可能性。

如果损伤被漏诊或在数周或数月后才被发现,简单的重新附着可能不再可行。在这种情况下,可选择更大型的手术:使用移植物重建肌腱,或者如果问题出在指尖关节,则融合该小关节以提供稳定且无痛的手指。在任何修复手术后,都需要进行精心分阶段的康复手部治疗计划,以确保肌腱在愈合过程中安全活动而不会再次撕裂。

预期情况

若腱板损伤(jersey finger)得到早期发现并成功修复,预后良好,大多数人可恢复手指末端强劲且实用的活动功能。然而,恢复过程并不迅速。修复后的屈肌腱在最初数周内较为脆弱,因此您需要佩戴保护性夹板,并遵循手治疗师制定的康复计划,逐步且安全地重新引入活动;急于求成是导致修复失败的主要原因。通常需要数月时间才能恢复完全握力及较重负荷活动,您回归运动或体力工作的时机将由治疗师和外科医生指导确定。

需了解的是,即使修复效果良好,患侧手指末端关节仍可能较对侧略显僵硬。治疗延迟,或需要移植肌腱/关节融合术的损伤,往往导致手指末端活动度受限,这也正是早期治疗极具价值的原因所在。

何时就医

  • 抓握伤后无法弯曲指尖。 这是绞索指的典型体征,应及时检查,切勿等待其自行缓解。看似“挫伤”或扭伤的手指可能是肌腱从骨面撕脱,早期修复可获得最佳疗效。
  • 此类损伤后手指或手掌出现压痛性肿块,尤其伴有指尖屈曲功能丧失。
  • 运动或抓握伤后手指出现显著疼痛、肿胀或瘀斑,且症状未缓解。
  • 任何手指损伤,若活动度、感觉或外观异常:如有疑虑,请接受评估,因为获得最佳疗效的时机可能很短。

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