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桡骨远端畸形愈合(及截骨矫形术)

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When a wrist fracture heals in a poor position — the problems it causes and how a corrective osteotomy realigns the bone.

侧面观显示,骨折畸形愈合后手腕呈现典型的“餐叉”畸形。
桡骨远端畸形愈合:腕部骨折愈合位置不良可导致“餐叉”畸形,伴有力量减弱和旋转受限。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您此前曾发生过腕部骨折(可能是摔倒时手掌撑地所致),骨折已愈合,但腕部并未恢复正常。腕部外观可能略微弯曲、畸形或较对侧短,有时背侧可见隆起。除了外观改变,腕部功能也常不如从前:握力减弱,腕关节僵硬,旋前旋后动作(如转动钥匙或门把手)时可能出现笨拙或疼痛。

许多人会注意到腕部小指侧(远离拇指的一侧)出现酸痛,在扭转、手掌支撑或进行较重活动时加重。部分患者在旋转前臂时会感到弹响或不稳。少数患者因骨折愈合位置异常压迫腕部神经,导致拇指和手指出现针刺感或麻木。这些都是骨折未以理想形态愈合的迹象。

实际发生的情况

桡骨远端是前臂两根骨头中较粗的一根,位于拇指侧,紧邻腕部。当桡骨骨折后以不良位置愈合时,我们称之为畸形愈合:骨头已牢固愈合,但形态不正确。最常见的模式是桡骨远端向背侧(手背方向)倾斜,且骨头变短,导致其无法与相邻的尺骨正常对位。

这种微小的形态改变会产生连锁反应。较短且倾斜的桡骨会破坏握力力学机制,导致力量下降。它还会使前臂近腕端的关节(即桡尺远侧关节,DRUJ)失去平衡,该关节负责前臂旋转,从而导致旋转僵硬或疼痛。由于桡骨缩短,尺骨相对显得过长,会压迫小指侧的小骨和软骨,引起尺侧疼痛。如果骨折累及关节面并伴有台阶样愈合,软骨将不均匀磨损,久而久之可发展为关节炎。

我们能做什么

并非所有愈合不良的腕部畸形都需要手术。如果畸形轻微且您目前功能良好,手部治疗、活动调整、佩戴支撑性夹板以及简单的止痛措施都是完全合理的,我们通常首先采取这些保守治疗。

当畸形显著且确实限制了您的功能(如疼痛、握力减弱、旋转受限)时,解决根本问题的手术是截骨矫形术。通俗地说,外科医生会在旧骨折部位仔细重新截骨,将骨骼重新调整至正确对位,并使用金属接骨板和螺钉将其固定。如果为了恢复骨骼长度而需要撑开骨骼,间隙可能会填充骨移植材料(自体骨、异体骨或骨替代材料),但随着现代接骨板的应用,许多矫正现在无需植骨即可可靠愈合。如果小指侧的尺骨是主要问题,外科医生可能会选择(或同时)缩短尺骨,以减轻该侧的压力。

如今,手术通常会在您腕部的3D计算机模型上提前进行规划,外科医生可能会使用定制导板,以确保截骨和重新对位精确符合计划;当骨折延伸至关节面时,这种方法尤其有用。

预期情况

事先了解这一点会有所帮助:这是一项比初次骨折手术更复杂的工作:外科医生是在重塑已愈合的骨骼,而非简单地固定新鲜骨折,因此康复过程更为复杂,耗时也更长。骨骼需要在新位置愈合,通常需要几个月时间,且钢板通常保留在原位。

好消息是,对于右手腕而言,这些改善是真实且持久的:研究一致显示疼痛减轻、握力增强和前臂旋转功能改善,患者在多年后通常仍表示满意。在关节和周围韧带尚未适应不良位置之前尽早矫正形态,往往能获得最佳效果。 这并不能保证手腕完全恢复正常,如果已经发生关节炎,获益则更为有限,但对于有症状的畸形愈合,该手术确实能可靠地使手腕功能优于术前。

何时就诊

  • 骨折数月后,手腕愈合畸形且持续疼痛、无力或僵硬;值得评估其排列情况,因为早期矫正通常效果更好。
  • 手腕小指侧疼痛,在扭转或用手支撑时加剧,尤其伴有前臂旋转笨拙或受限。
  • 握力或旋转能力进行性丧失,或难以完成日常活动,如转动钥匙、倒水或使用工具。
  • 手腕骨折后拇指和手指出现针刺感或麻木;神经可能受到刺激,应进行检查。

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