Skip to content

Patients › Wrist

桡骨远端畸形愈合(及矫正截骨术)

When a wrist fracture heals in a poor position — the problems it causes and how a corrective osteotomy realigns the bone.

手腕侧视图,显示骨折畸形愈合后典型的“餐叉”畸形。
桡骨远端畸形愈合:腕部骨折若在不良位置愈合,可导致“餐叉样”畸形,并伴有握力及旋转功能减退。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您之前曾摔伤手腕(例如跌倒时手掌撑地),骨折已愈合。但手腕并未恢复如初。手腕外观可能略显弯曲、歪斜或比健侧短,有时背侧可见明显骨性突起。相较于外观,功能恢复不佳更为常见:握力感觉减弱,手腕僵硬,手掌上下翻转(如拧钥匙或转门把手)时可能感到别扭或疼痛。

许多人会注意到手腕小指侧(即远离拇指的一侧)出现酸痛,在扭转、用手支撑或从事较重体力活动时症状会加重。部分患者在旋转前臂时会感到“咔哒”声或不稳感。少数患者若愈合后的畸形位置压迫腕部神经,拇指和手指可能出现麻木刺痛感。这些均提示骨骼未以完全正确的形态愈合。

实际发生了什么

桡骨远端是前臂两根骨骼中较大的一根,位于拇指侧,紧邻腕部。当骨折后在不良位置愈合时,我们称之为畸形愈合:骨骼已牢固愈合,但形态异常。最常见的模式是桡骨远端向后倾斜(朝向手背方向),且骨骼变短,导致其与邻近的尺骨无法正确对位。

这种微小的形态改变会产生连锁反应。变短且倾斜的桡骨会破坏抓握力学,导致握力下降。它还会使前臂两骨在腕部附近的关节(下尺桡关节,DRUJ)失去平衡,该关节负责前臂的旋转功能,从而导致旋转僵硬或疼痛。此外,由于桡骨下沉,尺骨实际上可能显得过“长”,压迫小指侧的小骨和软骨,引起尺侧疼痛。如果骨折累及关节面本身,且愈合时出现台阶,软骨会不均匀磨损,并可能随时间推移导致关节炎。

我们如何处理

在 Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton,Kieran Hirpara 医生领导我们的上肢团队处理这些腕部损伤。我们通常首先采用非手术治疗,但如果疼痛或僵硬持续存在,我们会在全面评估您的病史和影像学检查后考虑手术。

并非所有畸形愈合的腕部都需要手术。如果畸形轻微且您恢复良好,手部治疗、活动调整、支撑性夹板以及简单的止痛措施是完全合理的,我们通常从这里开始。

当畸形严重且确实对您造成限制(疼痛、握力减弱、旋转受限)时,解决根本问题的手术是矫正截骨术。通俗地说,外科医生会在旧骨折部位仔细重新切割骨骼,将其恢复到正确的对位,并用金属板和螺钉固定。在切开骨骼以恢复长度的地方,间隙可能需要用骨移植(您自身的骨骼、供体骨骼或骨替代材料)填充,但随着现代钢板的应用,许多矫正现在无需植骨即可可靠愈合。如果小指侧骨骼是主要问题,外科医生可能会选择(或同时)缩短尺骨以减轻该侧的压力。

如今,手术通常会根据您自身腕部的 3D 计算机模型提前规划,外科医生可能会使用定制导板,以确保切割和复位与计划精确匹配;当骨折累及关节面时,这一点尤为有用。

预期情况

提前了解这一点很有帮助:这是一项比最初骨折手术更为复杂的手术:外科医生正在重塑已愈合的骨骼,而不仅仅是固定新鲜的骨折,因此恢复过程更为复杂且耗时更长。骨骼需要在新位置愈合,这通常需要几个月时间,且钢板通常保留在体内。

好消息是,对于合适的手腕病例,其获益是真实且持久的:研究一致表明疼痛改善、握力增强以及前臂旋转功能改善,患者通常在多年后仍表示满意。在关节和周围韧带适应不良位置之前尽早矫正形态,往往能获得最佳效果。 这并不能保证手腕完全恢复正常,如果关节炎已经发生,获益则更为有限,但对于有症状的畸形愈合,该手术能可靠地使手腕功能优于术前状态。

何时就医

  • 腕部骨折愈合后畸形,且数月后仍持续疼痛、无力或僵硬;建议评估对位情况,因为早期矫正通常效果更好。
  • 腕部小指侧疼痛,在扭转或用手支撑时加剧,尤其是前臂旋转笨拙或受限的情况下。
  • 握力或旋转功能进行性丧失,或日常任务(如拧钥匙、倒水或使用工具)出现困难。
  • 腕部骨折后拇指和手指出现针刺感或麻木;神经可能受到刺激,应进行检查。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的范围。远端桡骨畸形愈合值得额外阅读,因为其矫正手术具有明确的技术方案,且该方案仅在近期才确立;同时,是否实施该手术的决定取决于功能状况,而非X线影像的外观。

手术入路决定再手术率

矫正畸形愈合意味着切开已愈合的骨骼,恢复其对位,并用钢板固定。该钢板可置于桡骨掌侧或背侧,这一选择一直被视为取决于个人偏好。

对 403 例患者的比较确实区分了两者。掌侧钢板固定与更少的再手术率(9% 对 28%)及更少的内固定物取出率(3% 对 18%)相关,且主要并发症发生率相当(分别为 5% 和 6%)。作者建议,外科医生应充分意识到矫正截骨术后背侧钢板固定带来的风险增加 [1]。

其机制是解剖学上的,而非技术上的。在腕部背侧,伸肌腱直接走行于骨骼表面,其与钢板之间几乎没有任何组织间隔,因此该处的内固定物突出、刺激性强且常被取出,在最坏的情况下甚至可能磨穿肌腱。而在掌侧,一层肌肉将钢板与屈肌腱隔开。

请注意未出现差异的方面:主要并发症发生率相同。其优势在于避免为取出内固定物而进行第二次手术,而非避免灾难性后果。

为什么X线片不能决定治疗

畸形愈合的远端桡骨在愈合后处于不良位置,在任何X线片上均可见,其畸形外观看似需要矫正。随访报告通常强调相关测量指标,如关节面倾斜程度及桡骨短缩程度。

然而,畸形本身并非患者的主诉。患者就诊时通常表现为前臂旋转功能丧失、握力下降、腕尺侧疼痛,或对外观不满意。影像学数值与上述症状之间的关联较为松散,尤其在老年患者中,即使存在显著畸形,往往也能良好耐受。

因此,矫正截骨术是基于症状和功能需求而考虑的,而非基于影像扫描的外观。对于功能尚可、能够满足患者日常需求的腕关节,即使角度异常,也无需进行矫正。

手术实际矫正的内容

两个后果是导致大多数有症状畸形愈合的主要原因。

第一个是前臂旋转功能的丧失。当桡骨愈合后变短或倾斜时,它不再真正围绕尺骨旋转,导致掌心向上翻转受限,而这正是端托盘、找零或转动钥匙所需的动作。

第二个是相对延长导致的尺侧疼痛。随着桡骨塌陷变短,尺骨相对变长并被推向腕骨,产生撞击问题,这是骨折的继发性后果。这可以通过恢复桡骨长度或缩短尺骨来治疗,具体选择哪种方式取决于畸形在每根骨骼中的分布程度。

理解这两种机制可以解释为何即使在原始损伤多年后,矫正手术往往仍值得考虑:它针对的是持续存在的力学问题,而非修复旧骨折。

参考文献

[1] Essa A, Paul R, Khan S, Avisar E, Chan A, Persitz J. A meta-analysis comparing complications of anterior versus dorsal osteotomy and plate fixation for distal radius malunion. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024;49(8):956-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934241254962


Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.