Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

肌腱如何运作与愈合

Illustration: 肌腱如何运作与愈合

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

肌腱是人体的“缆绳”,是连接肌肉与骨骼的坚韧索带,负责将肌肉的牵拉力转化为运动。当你弯曲手指或抬起手臂时,正是肌腱在跨越关节传递力量。肌腱虽然坚固,但愈合缓慢且具有特定方式,且并非所有肌腱的愈合方式都相同。手指屈肌腱的切割伤与肩部肩袖肌腱的撕裂伤遵循截然不同的愈合过程,这正是它们的手术和康复方案差异巨大的原因。本页以通俗易懂的语言解释肌腱是什么以及它们如何修复,随后深入探讨其生物学机制,供感兴趣的读者参考,包括为什么屈肌腱修复后会先变弱再变强,以及为什么肩袖肌腱会以特定的方式愈合到骨骼上。

肌腱是什么及其功能

肌腱主要由胶原蛋白(赋予骨骼柔韧性的同一种强韧蛋白质)构成,这些胶原纤维紧密排列成束,沿受力方向延伸。肌腱的一端与肌肉融合,另一端锚定于骨骼。其功能简单却至关重要:将肌肉产生的力量传递至骨骼,从而使关节运动。部分肌腱还需具备滑动功能:例如弯曲手指的屈肌腱,每次握拳时都会在狭窄的隧道中来回滑动。

肌腱属于活体组织,但活性较低:与肌肉或皮肤相比,其细胞数量较少,血液供应也较为稀疏。这正是其愈合缓慢的主要原因之一。

肌腱如何愈合

当肌腱被切断或撕裂时,其愈合过程与其他组织类似,分为三个相互重叠的阶段:

  1. 炎症期(第一周)。 血凝块形成,修复细胞迁入。在此阶段,连接处主要依靠外科医生的缝合线维持;肌腱本身提供的强度非常有限。
  2. 修复期(数周)。 细胞在间隙处沉积新的胶原蛋白,但起初这些胶原排列无序且强度较弱,就像匆忙捆扎的一束线头,而非整齐结实的绳索。
  3. 重塑期(数月)。 随着时间推移和温和的使用,无序的胶原蛋白逐渐被替换并沿受力方向重新排列,肌腱随之恢复强度。这一过程持续数月,通常长达一年或更久。

关键点:肌腱主要通过形成瘢痕来愈合,而非完美地重新生长出原始组织。修复后的部位永远无法达到原始组织的完美状态,因此精心的康复训练和耐心至关重要。

促进肌腱愈合的因素

  • 适量的活动。 肌腱对负荷有反应。受控的、分级的运动(由手部专科医生或物理治疗师指导)能引导愈合中的胶原蛋白有序排列。过早或过量活动会导致修复部位断裂;活动不足则会导致僵硬,并使肌腱因瘢痕而粘连。
  • 早期保护修复部位。 新的肌腱修复在数周内都很脆弱,即使感觉良好也是如此;请遵循支具佩戴和活动限制要求,以防止修复部位被拉开。
  • 良好的整体健康状况。 不吸烟、控制糖尿病以及避免不必要的类固醇使用均有助于愈合;尤其是吸烟会损害肌腱愈合。
  • 时间。 肌腱是愈合缓慢的组织。真正恢复力量需要数月,而非数周。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节将提供更具细节的、学生水平的生物学解释。理解肌腱损伤或其治疗并不需要这部分内容,但如果您好奇肌腱究竟是如何工作的,以及为何手指肌腱与肩关节肌腱的愈合方式存在如此显著的差异,请继续阅读。

作为活组织的肌腱

肌腱结构示意图——展示肌腱将肌肉连接至骨骼,并附横截面以显示胶原层级结构(腱束、胶原纤维、胶原微纤维、原胶原)及腱细胞。
肌腱是一种“绳中之绳”结构——胶原分子聚集成原纤维、纤维和束,每一层均被鞘膜包裹,鞘膜内分布着其稀疏的血液供应,腱细胞则穿插于各层之间。 Roets, Abrahamse & Crous, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0

肌腱由胶原蛋白构成,其结构呈现层级特征,类似由越来越细的纤维束编织而成的绳索。胶原蛋白分子聚集成微原纤维,微原纤维聚集成纤维,纤维聚集成纤维束,纤维束最终构成完整的肌腱;在每一层级,都有一层薄薄的结缔组织包裹(肌腱内部的腱内膜,以及包裹整个肌腱的腱外膜),其中分布着微小的血管和神经。胶原蛋白主要为I型,在张力下具有极高的强度,且其排列方向几乎与受力方向完全平行。

在静息状态下,纤维呈现波浪状的皱褶模式。当首次对肌腱施加负荷时,这种皱褶会被拉直,因此肌腱在受力的初始阶段会表现出轻微的弹性,随后变得僵硬且强韧(其内部具有一定的顺应性)。肌腱还具有粘弹性:其力学行为取决于负荷施加的速度(快速加载时刚度更高),并且在持续负荷下会缓慢发生蠕变(伸长)。

其中的活细胞是腱细胞,为稀疏分布的梭形细胞,穿插于胶原束之间。它们负责维持并极缓慢地更新细胞外基质。由于细胞和血管相对稀少,且某些肌腱的特定区域确实存在低血供(血供较差的“分水岭”区),肌腱愈合速度缓慢,而这些血供不良的区域正是某些肌腱容易发生撕裂且愈合不良的部位。

肌腱如何愈合——以及为何主要依靠瘢痕

上述三个阶段,更详细的描述如下:炎症期(大约为第一周)清除碎片并招募细胞;增殖期(约一至三周)期间,细胞大量生成无序的III型胶原,其沉积迅速但机械强度较弱;以及一个漫长的重塑期(数月,最长可达约18个月),在此期间,该III型胶原逐渐被强韧、排列有序的I型胶原所取代,后者形成交联并沿负荷方向定向排列。

关键概念在于,这是瘢痕修复,而非再生。机体修补了缺损,而非重建原本结构精美的有序肌腱。将早期脆弱的瘢痕转化为强韧且有序结构的是机械负荷。这正是现代肌腱康复的全部理论基础:在正确的时间施加可控的力,实际上是在指导瘢痕如何转变为肌腱。

屈肌腱愈合:内在愈合与外在愈合,以及屈曲做功

弯曲手指的屈肌腱是一种特殊情况,因为它们必须滑动穿过一个狭窄的隧道(即带有滑轮的屈肌腱鞘)才能发挥作用。这在屈肌腱手术中产生了一种张力,并涉及肌腱愈合的两种不同方式:

  • 内在愈合源自肌腱自身的细胞,由鞘内的滑液以及称为腱系带的微小血管褶皱提供营养。屈肌腱主要不是由血管,而是由滑液滋养的;每次手指弯曲和伸直时,滑液都会被主动泵入肌腱(这一过程称为吸收);因此,运动本身就在滋养愈合中的肌腱。内在愈合将肌腱重新连接起来,而不使其与周围组织粘连,从而使其仍能滑动。
  • 外在愈合源自从外部侵入的细胞和瘢痕,来自腱鞘及周围组织。它也能使肌腱愈合,但会将其粘附在隧道上,形成阻碍滑动的粘连,导致手指无法完全弯曲或伸直。

现代修复技术加上早期受控运动旨在将平衡倾向于内在愈合,并远离粘连。

这正是屈曲做功发挥作用的地方:肌肉必须产生的实际力量以屈曲手指。这不仅仅是被移动的重量;它是肌腱滑动的阻力:鞘内的摩擦、修复本身的大小、术后肿胀以及紧绷的滑轮都会增加这种阻力。如果屈曲做功(阻力)升高到超过修复所能承受的程度,修复处就会裂开或断裂,或者手指根本无法活动,粘连随之形成。因此,外科医生正在平衡两种相互竞争的需求:修复必须足够坚固以耐受早期运动,同时又必须足够纤细光滑,以便以较低的屈曲做功进行滑动。只有当这两点都实现时,早期运动才有效。

为什么屈肌腱修复在变强之前会先变弱

这里有一个反直觉的要点,它解释了整个谨慎的康复时间表。肌腱修复并非从第一天起就稳步增强。它遵循一条U形曲线:

  • 在最初几天,几乎全部强度来自缝合线;肌腱组织本身几乎不贡献任何强度。
  • 在最初一到三周内,被切断的肌腱末端实际上会软化:身体在修复部位吸收并重塑胶原,早于新胶原成熟。因此,整个结构在早期几周达到最弱点(通常在第一周末至第三周之间),尽管伤口看起来已愈合且手指感觉正常。
  • 随后强度上升。 随着无序的III型胶原被对齐、交联的I型胶原取代,修复部位恢复并随后超过其初始强度,在约12周时达到足以应对大多数日常活动的水平,并继续成熟数月。

这种下降正是手部治疗被如此仔细分期的原因,也是“三周时感觉正常”是一个陷阱的原因:那往往正是修复最脆弱的时刻。早期阶段的温和、受控运动可保持肌腱滑动(有利于内在愈合),并使新胶原对齐,而不会过度负荷在生物学上处于最弱状态的修复部位。肌腱修复后的断裂恰好聚集在这些脆弱的早期几周,原因就在于此。

肌腱-骨愈合:肩袖与腱骨结合部

从肩部前方和后方展示的四个肩袖肌肉(冈上肌、冈下肌、肩胛下肌、小圆肌)。
肩袖——由四块肌肉组成,其肌腱融合形成袖状结构,附着于肱骨上端;修复术后,肌腱-骨附着点(enthesis)必须愈合。 InjuryMap, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

肩袖撕裂是一个完全不同的问题,因为此处肌腱必须重新愈合到骨上,而肌腱与骨之间的连接处是一种称为腱骨结合部(enthesis)的非凡结构。

在健康组织中,腱骨结合部是一个分级过渡区,大致由四个区域构成:肌腱 → 未钙化纤维软骨 → 钙化纤维软骨 → 骨。这种从柔软、有弹性的肌腱到坚硬、僵硬的骨的温和梯度分布了应力,因此柔软的肌腱不会在尖锐的边界处直接从坚硬的骨上被撕裂下来。

关键在于,一旦撕裂,身体无法重建这种分级的腱骨结合部。 修复后的肩袖通过肌腱与骨之间的纤维血管性瘢痕愈合,其机械强度低于原始的四个区域过渡结构,这也是肩袖修复术在手术操作良好的情况下仍可能再撕裂的原因之一。

同样重要的是,大多数肩袖撕裂是退行性的,而非纯粹创伤性的:随着年龄增长,肌腱(特别是位于冈上肌肌腱与骨连接处约1厘米处、血供相对较差的“危险区”)会减弱、磨损并撕裂,且往往伴随轻微或无外伤(真正的肩袖撕裂在50岁以前很少见)。手术将肌腱重新附着于其骨性“足迹”,但这是在对抗衰老以及通常质量较差的组织。因此,肩袖愈合从根本上受生物学限制:手术恢复了解剖结构,但肌腱-骨连接处是否真正愈合取决于肌腱质量、撕裂大小、年龄、吸烟、糖尿病以及修复后的保护与负荷情况。这与年轻手部干净的屈肌腱切割伤处于光谱的另一端:相同的组织,却是非常不同的愈合问题。

促进与损害肌腱愈合的因素

  • 负荷,剂量得当。 受控的、渐进性的负荷是增强肌腱强度与排列的最强有力工具。过早施加过大负荷会导致修复处断裂;负荷不足则会导致僵硬和粘连。康复的艺术在于剂量。
  • 血液供应。 血供丰富的肌腱愈合更好;低血供的“分水岭”区域(如肩袖的部分区域)愈合较差。
  • 吸烟、糖尿病、类固醇及年龄 均会损害肌腱愈合,并增加断裂和再撕裂的风险。
  • 时间。 肌腱是慢组织;获得有意义的强度需要数月,而完全重塑可能持续超过一年。

另请参阅


Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.