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富血小板血浆(PRP)及注射疗法

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What the evidence shows for platelet-rich plasma and related injection therapies in tendinopathy, osteoarthritis and rotator cuff disease — where they help and where the data is weak.

装有分离血浆的离心管。
PRP 从您自身的血液中浓缩血小板,用于某些肌腱和关节疾病,但证据不一。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

什么是富血小板血浆

富血小板血浆(PRP)是一种利用患者自身血液来帮助修复受损关节和肌腱的治疗方法。医生会抽取少量您的血液样本,并在离心机中进行处理。该过程将血小板与血液的其他成分分离。血小板是帮助身体修复组织的细胞。最终得到的是一种富含这些修复细胞的浓缩液体。

该疗法常用于治疗膝关节的退行性关节炎。针对此病症,建议至少注射两次 PRP。您获得的缓解效果可持续至少 24 周。该疗法也用于治疗网球肘(即肱骨外上髁炎)以及肌腱鞘炎症(称为慢性腱鞘炎)。患有大关节关节炎的运动员可能从 PRP 治疗中受益,以在比赛期间支持其关节。PRP 有时也用于运动中的急性肌肉损伤,但这种情况的选择性较强。

PRP 通过将高剂量的修复信号直接递送至问题区域发挥作用。您获得的缓解程度通常取决于所使用的血小板浓度。较高剂量的 PRP 可为网球肘等疾病提供更显著的症状缓解。医生可能会根据您的具体问题选择不同的 PRP 类型。例如,某些类型可减少早期关节炎的炎症,而其他类型则促进晚期病例的组织修复。这种靶向方法有助于减轻疼痛并改善您的活动能力和功能。

它有效吗?

答案取决于您患有的疾病。对于膝关节磨损性关节炎,建议至少注射两次。其益处至少持续24周。这种治疗能改善整体功能,尤其是在年轻患者中。将富血小板血浆(PRP)与透明质酸(一种润滑凝胶)联合使用是安全的,并且可能比单独使用PRP更好地缓解疼痛。两种类型的PRP——含有白细胞和不含有白细胞的——对膝关节的作用相似。

对于网球肘(肱骨外上髁炎),结果不一。皮质类固醇在短期内效果更好。然而,PRP在6个月和12个月时显示出更好的长期结果。高剂量PRP可提供显著的症状缓解。然而,一些高质量的研究显示其效果与安慰剂无差异。由于研究局限性,您应谨慎解读这些不一致的发现。

对于跟腱疼痛,目前的证据不支持使用PRP。其效果并不优于安慰剂。在获得更好的试验结果之前,您应避免将PRP用于治疗跟腱问题。对于其他慢性肌腱炎症,PRP可以有效改善疼痛和功能。其中期结果优于皮质类固醇。

在运动医学中,PRP可能有助于急性肌肉损伤。您的医生可能会为运动员推荐此疗法。对于早期股骨头坏死(骨坏死),在髓芯减压手术中加入PRP可改善疼痛和生活质量。然而,对于膝关节韧带重建(ACLR),证据太弱,无法确定PRP是否有帮助。它通常不能缓解大腿外侧的髋部疼痛(大转子疼痛综合征)。始终与您的医生讨论这些具体结果,以确定PRP是否适合您。

这是否适合您?

如果您患有膝关节磨损性关节炎或网球肘,您是合适的候选人。对于膝关节炎,您至少需要接受两次注射。缓解效果可持续至少 24 周。您可以在两种类型的血浆之间进行选择。这两种血浆对您的膝盖疗效相当。如果您患有网球肘,较高剂量能带来更明显的症状缓解。该疗法对慢性腕部肌腱炎的效果优于安慰剂。

您的医生可能会根据您的关节炎分期调整治疗方案。早期关节炎对血小板含量低且白细胞含量高的类型反应良好。这有助于减轻肿胀。晚期关节炎从血小板含量高且白细胞含量低的类型中获益更多。这有助于促进组织修复。如果您是患有大关节关节炎的竞技运动员,推荐您接受此疗法。该疗法也可能有助于急性肌肉损伤,尽管具体方案各不相同。

如果您正在进行前交叉韧带重建手术,您可能不会看到显著益处。目前的证据并未显示其优于标准手术。您还应意识到,研究质量参差不齐。部分研究缺乏关于所用血浆的详细信息。这使得难以预测每个人的疗效。

费用和可用性取决于您的复发风险及制备费用。每位患者的价值并非均等。没有重大的手术风险,但您必须与医生讨论这些细节。这是基于您的具体病情和目标所做出的共同决策。

结论

PRP 注射可缓解膝痛和肘部压痛,但疗效因疾病而异。对于膝骨关节炎,至少需要两次注射,且缓解期至少持续 24 周。对于肘部问题,其长期疗效优于类固醇注射,但对跟腱病变无效。医生可能会根据您的疾病阶段调整 PRP 配方。请注意,现有研究质量普遍较低,因此请谨慎管理预期。


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