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Kienböck病

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Kienböck’s disease — progressive wrist pain from lunate avascular necrosis; diagnosis and treatment options.

Updated Aug 2026
一幅手绘插图，描绘了腕骨中的月骨失去血液供应。
Kienböck病晚期（IIIB期）：腕骨中央的月骨失去血液供应并塌陷，导致周围腕关节力学结构扭曲。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能会感到手腕拇指侧出现钝痛或锐痛。该区域正是月骨位于腕关节中心的位置。疼痛通常逐渐发生。起初可能感觉像简单的拉伤。随着时间的推移，该疾病通常被认为是进行性的。这意味着如果不治疗，症状可能会恶化。

您的手腕可能会感到僵硬，尤其是在早晨。您可能会注意到疼痛区域周围出现肿胀。简单的动作可能会变得困难。将手伸到背后扣内衣可能会引起疼痛。塞衬衫可能会感到不适。提起物体，即使是轻的，也可能引发疼痛发作。疼痛通常在活动后加重。您可能会在一天结束时感觉更明显。

有些人发现夜间疼痛更严重。侧卧在受影响的一侧可能会特别不舒服。您可能会在醒来时感到手腕僵硬且疼痛。将手保持在中立位休息通常有助于减轻压力。然而，该疾病的自然病程尚未完全明确。这意味着我们无法准确预测您的症状将如何随时间变化。

您起始时的疼痛严重程度可能取决于月骨的形状。某些骨骼结构更容易发生早期改变。由于传统的X线检查经常漏诊早期塌陷迹象，您的症状是关键指导。您在活动手腕时可能会感到咔哒声或研磨感。这是由于骨骼偏离了正常排列所致。

对疼痛的不可预测性感到沮丧是很常见的。您可能会想知道为什么有些日子比其它日子好。Kienböck病（月骨无菌性坏死）的发展可能是多因素的。这意味着有几个因素共同导致该病，而不仅仅是单一原因。了解您的症状有助于我们为您选择正确的治疗方案。无论您需要休息、夹板固定还是手术，目标都是减轻这种疼痛并恢复功能。

实际发生了什么

您的手腕由八块称为腕骨的小骨头组成。它们分两排排列，为手部提供力量和灵活性。在Kienböck病（月骨无菌性坏死）中，其中一块骨头——月骨，失去了血液供应。没有血液供应，骨组织开始死亡。这一过程称为缺血性坏死。

随着骨头死亡，其强度丧失。它无法再承受日常活动带来的负荷。随着时间的推移，月骨变软并塌陷。这种塌陷改变了手腕中其他骨头之间的相对运动方式。原本平滑的滑动变得粗糙且不规律。

这种结构改变导致了您的主要症状。排列错位的骨头相互摩擦，产生疼痛和僵硬。您在活动手腕时可能会感到研磨感。不稳定性还会削弱您的握力。您的外科医生解释说，这不仅仅是表面的磨损，而是关节核心内部的深层结构失效。

我们通过恢复腕骨行的平衡来治疗此病。在晚期病例中，我们可能会移除受损的月骨。然后，我们使用肌腱移植物或融合技术来稳定剩余的骨头。这些手术恢复了近端腕骨行的完整性。这有助于您的手腕再次平滑运动。

对于较年轻的患者，我们通常使用骨移植物来支持坏死的骨头。这可以阻止塌陷并保留活动度。在某些情况下，我们会缩短桡骨以减少对月骨的压力。这一简单的调整可使75%的患者在长达十年的时间里改善预后。

我们的目标始终是保护您剩余的 healthy 关节面。通过纠正排列，我们减少软骨上的异常应力。这有助于防止进一步的关节炎。我们根据您的年龄和活动水平定制每个方案。无论您需要临时修复还是永久性重建，我们都旨在恢复功能并缓解疼痛。

我们能做什么

Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton 的上肢外科医生 Kieran Hirpara 博士在我们的诊所中，根据您病情的阶段来匹配治疗方案。患者通过全科医生或物理治疗师转诊至我们的诊所。诊所评估用于确立诊断。对于退行性或长期存在的问题，我们通常首先尝试非手术治疗。对于结构性或急性问题，可能会立即建议手术。

您可以从自我管理和物理治疗开始。改变活动方式有助于减轻腕部的压力。物理治疗旨在维持关节活动度并增强周围肌肉的力量。夹板可以在日常活动中为腕部提供支持。我们通常建议先充分尝试这种方法，以观察其是否能减轻您的疼痛并改善功能，然后再考虑进一步的措施。

药物治疗侧重于控制症状。止痛药和抗炎药有助于缓解不适。注射治疗（如皮质类固醇）可在有限时间内减轻炎症和疼痛。透明质酸或富血小板血浆（PRP）注射有时也被考虑用于支持关节健康，尽管疗效持续时间因人而异。这些选项旨在让您在监测疾病进展的过程中保持舒适。

当保守治疗未能带来足够改善，或疾病已处于晚期时，会考虑手术治疗。我们的目标是缓解疼痛并保留腕部功能。手术选项包括减轻骨骼负荷的手术以及为提供稳定性而进行的关节融合术。我们会根据您的病情阶段和目标与您讨论具体的手术方案，确保您了解手术的具体内容以及康复期间的预期情况。

预期情况

Kienböck病是一种由于腕部一小块骨骼的血液供应减少，导致其变弱并塌陷的疾病。这一过程通常是进行性的，意味着如果不进行治疗，病情往往会随时间推移而加重。在晚期阶段，该病可能导致腕部广泛的磨损性关节炎。由于该病的自然病程尚不完全可预测，您的外科医生将密切监测您的进展，以确定最佳的手术时机。

如果不进行治疗，症状通常会持续存在并逐渐加重。然而，通过适当的管理，可以实现显著的缓解。对于年轻患者，诸如骨骼重新对齐等手术可以在短期内改善症状，并在X光片上改善腕部外观。对于患有更严重塌陷的老年人，诸如将特定骨骼融合在一起或移除受损骨骼的选项旨在提供长期益处。这些方法旨在阻止疾病的进展并保留功能。

如果管理得当，许多患者会经历显著的改善。例如，桡骨缩短截骨术——一种调整前臂骨长度的手术——可为75%的症状性病患者提供长达十年的改善。其他手术，如舟头骨融合联合月骨切除术，已被证明可以显著减轻疼痛，并在平均10.7年内保持令人满意的握力。即使在晚期病例中，保留腕骨的手术也可能有效，近排腕骨切除术在维持腕部活动范围和力量方面，仍是超过十年的持久选择。

需要注意的是，无论选择何种治疗，该病的影像学进展在一年或更长时间内平均而言是轻微的。这意味着虽然潜在的结构性变化可能很缓慢，但临床症状——如疼痛和僵硬——才是我们主要旨在改善的对象。您的外科医生将根据您疾病的具体阶段量身定制计划，确保所选方案能提供实现长期舒适和功能的最现实机会。

何时就医

Kienböck病是一种影响腕骨的罕见疾病。它通常会随时间推移而加重，可能导致严重的关节改变。由于确切病因可能复杂且因人而异，早期评估有助于管理症状。如果您有持续不缓解的疼痛，即使休息后也未改善，请咨询全科医生。如果您注意到无力、不稳定，或腕关节出现卡住或突然无力（打软腿）的情况，请要求专科医生进行会诊。如果症状干扰您的睡眠或工作，或出现疼痛突然加重，请寻求医疗帮助。早期评估使您的外科医生能够根据您的具体情况确定最佳治疗方案。

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 27 April 2026.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Scaphocapitate arthrodesis yields discouraging functional outcomes in the medium-term follow-up for advanced stages of Kienböck disease [1].
  • Scaphocapitate arthrodesis demonstrates long-term clinical benefits for the treatment of collapsed Kienböck disease [5].
  • Radial osteotomies are effective in improving short-term clinical outcomes and radiographic findings in teenage patients with Kienböck disease [3].
  • Temporary scaphotrapezoidal joint fixation is recommended for the surgical treatment of adolescent Kienböck's disease [7].
  • Radial shortening osteotomy for symptomatic Kienböck's disease yields reasonable long-term function, although approximately one in eight patients undergo salvage surgery [8].
  • Good and excellent clinical and radiological outcomes can be achieved with both nonsurgical and surgical treatments in skeletally immature patients with Kienböck disease [9].
  • Children, adolescents, and elderly patients with Kienböck disease respond well to nonoperative treatments, which should be considered before any surgical intervention [11].
  • Capitate shortening is a safe and effective approach for the treatment of early stages of Kienböck's disease and can be associated with a satisfying outcome [13].
  • Tendon ball arthroplasty in advanced Kienböck's disease results in long-term satisfactory clinical outcomes despite widespread changes in the bones and joints within the wrist [16].
  • Advanced Kienböck's disease with carpal collapse is not a contraindication for carpal-sparing surgery via radial shortening osteotomy [21].
  • Radial shortening osteotomy offers at least comparable outcomes with proximal row carpectomy in treating Kienböck's disease, particularly in preserving joint function and patient satisfaction [22].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Wrist movement can reduce blood flow to the lunate bone [57].
  • The number of fractures does not correlate with carpal collapse, as fragmentation can occur early in the disease process [62].

Classification

  • The natural history of Kienböck's disease is generally considered a progressive condition that can end in Stage IV changes [4].
  • Kienböck's disease progresses substantially faster than previously described [6].
  • Contrary to current classifications, the articular cartilage of the lunate degenerates in early stages of Kienböck's disease [6].
  • Lunate morphology may affect the severity of Kienböck's disease at the time of initial presentation [10].
  • The Lichtman et al. classification for Kienböck's disease has good reliability and reproducibility [34].
  • The diagnosis of Kienböck's disease in the precollapse stages is not well defined, as evidenced by substantial interobserver variability on radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging [26].
  • Traditional radiographic indices measured on plain radiographs have poor diagnostic performance in the detection of carpal collapse in Kienböck's disease [15].
  • A unified classification and treatment algorithm coordinates osseous, vascular, and articular data alongside patient age to allow for more precise and individualized treatment plans [12].
  • A new treatment algorithm integrates traditional osseous classification with perfusion/viability and articular cartilage-based classifications [35].
  • The Bain and Begg arthroscopic classification and an articular-based approach to Kienböck's disease provide a high probability of good long-term relief of pain and a minimal chance of requiring a salvage procedure [44].

Clinical Presentation

  • Kienböck's disease is generally considered a progressive condition that can end in Stage IV changes [4].
  • The diagnosis of Kienböck's disease in the precollapse stages is not well defined, as evidenced by substantial interobserver variability among surgeons [26].
  • Dorsal wrist swelling in Kienböck's disease is a common manifestation and constitutes a part of the pathology of the disease [36].
  • Care should be taken to address dynamic pathology, not just the stage of the disease, when planning surgical treatment for Kienböck's disease [37].

Investigations

  • Computed tomography of the lunate is an important investigative tool in Kienböck's disease [43].
  • CT imaging is significantly more accurate than conventional radiography (CR) in determining the exact stage of Kienböck's disease [47].
  • Proton density–weighted MRIs reflect the extent and localization of the necrotic area in Kienböck-diseased lunates, as evidenced by comparison with histological analyses [45].
  • Fast-field echo images using a 47-mm microscopy coil do not reflect the extent and localization of the necrotic area in Kienböck-diseased lunates [45].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Nonoperative treatments are effective for children, adolescents, and elderly patients with Kienböck disease and should be considered before any surgical intervention [11].
  • Good and excellent clinical and radiological outcomes can be achieved with nonsurgical treatments in skeletally immature patients with Kienböck disease [9].
  • There is limited, low-quality evidence that surgical treatment slows progression of Kienböck's disease, and many uncontrolled case series document slight improvement in motion and grip after surgical treatment without clear evidence that this is better than placebo or no intervention [38].

Early-Stage Disease Interventions

  • Capitate shortening is a safe and effective approach for treatment of the early stages of Kienböck's disease and can be associated with a satisfying outcome [13].
  • Core decompression resulted in pain relief, radiological stability, and MRI normalization at 7-year follow-up in a case of early-stage Kienböck's disease, supporting the potential of disease-modifying treatments in early stages [18].
  • Arthroscopic lunate core decompression appears to be an effective and safe surgery for treating Kienböck disease on the basis of mid-term follow-up [39].

Radial Osteotomies

  • Radial osteotomies are effective in improving not only short-term clinical outcomes, but also radiographic findings in teenage patients with Kienböck disease [3].
  • Radial shortening osteotomy for symptomatic Kienböck's disease yields reasonable long-term function, though approximately one in eight patients underwent salvage surgery [8].
  • Radial shortening osteotomy provides decade-long improvement in 75% of patients and seems to be a reasonable treatment for symptomatic Kienböck’s disease [17].
  • Advanced Kienbock's disease with carpal collapse is not a contraindication for carpal-sparing surgery radial shortening osteotomy [21].
  • Radial shortening osteotomy offers at least comparable outcomes with proximal row carpectomy (PRC) in treating Kienböck's disease, particularly in preserving joint function and patient satisfaction [22].

Vascularized Bone Grafting

  • Vascularized bone grafting for stage III Kienböck disease demonstrated favorable long-term results and is recommended as a surgical treatment [14].
  • The treatment of Kienböck disease with vascularized bone graft from the dorsum of the radius has encouraging results and needs no other additional procedures [48].

Salvage and Fusion Procedures

  • Scaphocapitate arthrodesis is an effective procedure for treatment of Kienböck disease associated with satisfactory functional outcomes and significant improvement in pain scores and grip strength [20].
  • Scaphocapitate arthrodesis should be considered as a treatment option for wrist salvage in the patient with advanced Kienbock's disease given the significant postoperative reduction in associated pain symptoms at the time of follow-up [51].
  • Functional outcomes in medium-term follow-up are discouraging after scaphocapitate arthrodesis for advanced stages of Kienböck disease [1].
  • The long-term clinical benefits of scaphocapitate arthrodesis for treatment of collapsed Kienböck disease are demonstrated [5].

Adolescent-Specific Management

  • Temporary scaphotrapezoidal joint fixation is recommended for the surgical treatment of adolescent Kienböck's disease [7].
  • Surgical management of Kienböck's disease in adolescent patients can yield satisfactory outcomes in those that fail conservative management [25].

Complications

  • Scaphocapitate arthrodesis for advanced stages of Kienböck disease yields discouraging functional outcomes in medium-term follow-up [1].
  • Approximately one in eight patients with symptomatic Kienböck's disease undergo salvage surgery after radial shortening osteotomy [8].

Recovery

  • Radial osteotomies are effective in improving short-term clinical outcomes and radiographic findings in teenage patients with Kienböck disease [3].
  • Long-term clinical benefits of scaphocapitate arthrodesis for treatment of collapsed Kienböck disease are demonstrated [5].
  • Radial shortening osteotomy for symptomatic Kienböck's disease yields reasonable long-term function [8].
  • Approximately one in eight patients undergoing radial shortening osteotomy for symptomatic Kienböck's disease underwent salvage surgery [8].
  • Lunate morphology may affect the severity of Kienböck disease at the time of initial presentation [10].
  • Tendon ball arthroplasty in advanced Kienböck's disease results in long-term satisfactory clinical outcomes despite widespread changes in the bones and joints within the wrist [16].
  • Free vascularized iliac bone grafting for Kienböck's disease is a reasonable treatment option, and clinical and radiological improvements last for a long period of time [19].
  • Additional long-term study is needed to confirm the longitudinal relationship of negative ulnar variance with progressive Kienböck disease [27].
  • The longer-term results of titanium lunate arthroplasty (TLA) for stage III Kienböck disease are promising [28].
  • The medium- and long-term results of radial shortening osteotomy for Kienböck's disease in patients with negative ulnar variance are comparable to short-term results, providing long-lasting pain relief [29].
  • Radiographic progression of Kienböck over 1 year or more seems slight on average regardless of treatment [30].
  • Based on retrospective data from uncontrolled studies, no active treatment is superior in the treatment of Kienböck's disease [32].
  • There are insufficient data to determine whether the outcomes of any intervention are superior to placebo or the natural history of the disease [32].
  • Scaphocapitate arthrodesis with lunate excision performed in an advanced stage of Kienböck disease significantly alleviates pain, while preserving functional mobility and satisfactory grip strength in the long term [40].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Nonetheless, functional outcomes in medium-term follow-up are discouraging after scaphocapitate arthrodesis for advanced stages of Kienböck disease. [1] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.08.063)
  • [L4] The current results indicate that radial osteotomies are effective in improving not only short-term clinical outcomes, but also radiographic findings in teenage patients with Kienböck disease. [3] (10.1097/01.blo.0000173254.46899.72)
  • [L5] The natural history of Kienbock's disease is not fully known, though it is generally considered a progressive condition that can end in Stage IV changes; treatment strategies focus on biomechanical unloading, vascularized bone grafts, or salvage procedures depending on the stage. [4] (10.1016/j.hcl.2006.07.003)
  • [L4] The long-term clinical benefits of scaphocapitate arthrodesis for treatment of collapsed Kienböck disease are demonstrated. [5] (10.1177/1753193413496177)
  • [L4] Kienböck's disease progresses substantially faster than previously described and, contrary to current classifications, the articular cartilage of the lunate degenerates in early stages. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.06.032)
  • [L4] We therefore recommend this procedure for the surgical treatment of adolescent Kienböck's disease. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.09.019)
  • [L4] Radial shortening osteotomy for symptomatic Kienböck's disease yields reasonable long-term function, though approximately one in eight patients underwent salvage surgery. [8] (10.1055/s-0040-1714750)
  • [L4] Good and excellent clinical and radiological outcomes can be achieved with both nonsurgical and surgical treatments in skeletally immature patients with Kienböck disease. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.02.029)
  • [L3] Lunate morphology may affect the severity of Kienböck disease at the time of initial presentation. [10] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.024)
  • [L4] Children, adolescents, and elderly patients with Kienböck disease respond well to nonoperative treatments, and this should be considered before any surgical intervention. [11] (10.2106/jbjs.24.01090)
  • [L5] The authors propose a unified classification and treatment algorithm that coordinates osseous, vascular, and articular data alongside patient age to allow for more precise and individualized treatment plans for Kienböck disease. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.03.014)
  • [L2] Capitate shortening is a safe and effective approach for treatment of the early stages of Kienböck's disease and can be associated with a satisfying outcome. [13] (10.1177/15589447221081564)
  • [L3] Vascularized bone grafting for stage III Kienböck disease demonstrated favorable long-term results and is recommended as a surgical treatment. [14] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.02.010)
  • [L3] Traditional radiographic indices measured on plain radiographs have poor diagnostic performance in the detection of carpal collapse in Kienböck's disease. [15] (10.1177/17531934231153966)
  • [L4] Tendon ball arthroplasty in advanced Kienböck's disease results in long-term satisfactory clinical outcomes, despite widespread changes in the bones and joints within the wrist. [16] (10.1177/1753193412471183)
  • [L4] Radial shortening osteotomy provides decade-long improvement in 75% of patients and seems to be a reasonable treatment for symptomatic Kienböck’s disease. [17] (10.1177/1753193413512222)
  • [L5] The article presents a case of early-stage Kienböck's disease where core decompression resulted in pain relief, radiological stability, and MRI normalization at 7-year follow-up, supporting the potential of disease-modifying treatments in early stages. [18] (10.1177/17531934221146851)
  • [L4] Free vascularized iliac bone grafting for Kienböck's disease is a reasonable treatment option, and clinical and radiological improvements last for a long period of time. [19] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.11.005)
  • [L4] Scaphocapitate arthrodesis is an effective procedure for treatment of Kienböck disease associated with satisfactory functional outcomes and significant improvement in pain scores and grip strength. [20] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.03.014)
  • [L4] Advanced Kienbock's disease with carpal collapse is not a contraindication for carpal-sparing surgery radial shortening osteotomy. [21] (10.1055/s-0039-1688947)
  • [L4] Radial shortening osteotomy offers at least comparable outcomes with PRC in treating Kienböck's disease, particularly in preserving joint function and patient satisfaction. [22] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.031)
  • [L4] Surgical management of Kienböck ' s disease in adolescent patients can yield satisfactory outcomes in those that fail conservative management. [25] (10.1055/s-0040-1701511)
  • [L4] Surgeons should be aware that the diagnosis of Kienböck disease in the precollapse stages is not well defined, as evidenced by the substantial interobserver variability. [26] (10.1177/1558944716677538)
  • [L2] Additional long-term study is needed to confirm the longitudinal relationship of negative ulnar variance with progressive Kienböck disease. [27] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.107)
  • [L4] The longer-term results of TLA for stage III Kienböck disease are promising. [28] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.02.009)
  • [L3] The medium- and long-term results of radial shortening osteotomy for Kienböck's disease in patients with negative ulnar variance are comparable to short-term results, providing long-lasting pain relief. [29] (10.1097/blo.0b013e318041d309)
  • [L4] Radiographic progression of Kienböck over 1 year or more seems slight on average regardless of treatment. [30] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.02.016)
  • [L4] Based on retrospective data from uncontrolled studies, no active treatment is superior in the treatment of Kienböck's disease and there are insufficient data to determine whether the outcomes of any intervention are superior to placebo or the natural history of the disease. [32] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.02.002)
  • [L4] The Lichtman et al. classification for Kienböck's disease has good reliability and reproducibility. [34] (10.1177/1753193410373862)
  • [L5] The manuscript reviews recent advances in diagnostics, classification, and treatment options for Kienböck disease to present a new treatment algorithm that integrates traditional osseous classification with perfusion/viability and articular cartilage-based classifications. [35] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.02.013)
  • [L3] Dorsal wrist swelling in Kienböck ' s disease is a common manifestation and constitutes a part of pathology of Kienböck ' s disease, although further study is required to clarify the relation between wrist swelling and etiology of Kienböck ' s disease. [36] (10.1055/s-0038-1661420)
  • [L4] Care should be taken to address dynamic pathology, not just the stage of the disease, when planning surgical treatment for Kienbock's disease. [37] (10.1177/1753193420987790)
  • [L5] There is limited, low-quality evidence that surgical treatment slows progression of Kienböck's disease, and many uncontrolled case series document slight improvement in motion and grip after surgical treatment without clear evidence that this is better than placebo or no intervention. [38] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.10.013)
  • [L4] Arthroscopic lunate core decompression appears to be an effective and safe surgery for treating Kienböck disease on the basis of mid-term follow-up. [39] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.02.011)
  • [L4] Scaphocapitate arthrodesis with lunate excision performed in an advanced stage of Kienböck disease significantly alleviates pain, while preserving functional mobility and satisfactory grip strength in the long term. [40] (10.1177/1753193417739247)
  • [L4] Computed tomography of the lunate in Kienböck disease is an important investigative tool. [43] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.05.008)
  • [L4] This study confirms that the Bain and Begg arthroscopic classification and an articular-based approach to Kienböck disease provide a high probability of good longterm relief of pain and a minimal chance of requiring a salvage procedure. [44] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.11.004)
  • [L4] Proton density–weighted MRIs but not fast-field echo images using a 47-mm microscopy coil reflected the extent and localization of the necrotic area in Kienböck-diseased lunates, as evidenced by comparison with histological analyses of the lunate specimens. [45] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.027)
  • [L3] CT imaging is significantly more accurate than CR in determining the exact stage of Kienböck's disease. [47] (10.1177/17531934241286115)
  • [L4] The treatment of Kienböck disease with vascularized bone graft from the dorsum of the radius has encouraging results and needs no other additional procedures. [48] (10.1007/s00402-008-0586-x)
  • [L4] Given the significant postoperative reduction in associated pain symptoms at the time of follow-up, scaphocapitate arthrodesis should be considered as a treatment option for wrist salvage in the patient with advanced Kienbock's disease. [51] (10.1007/s11552-014-9705-z)
  • [L4] Wrist movement can reduce blood flow to the lunate bone. [57] (10.1186/s12891-019-2492-5)
  • [L4] The number of fractures does not correlate with carpal collapse, as fragmentation can occur early in the disease process. [62] (10.1055/s-0039-1688993)

References

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[3] Radial Osteotomies for Teenage Patients with Kienb??ck Disease. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2005. DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000173254.46899.72

[4] Kienböck's Disease: An Approach to Treatment. Hand Clinics. 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2006.07.003

[5] Scaphocapitate arthrodesis for treatment of late stage Kienböck disease. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413496177

[6] Characteristic Features and Natural Evolution of Kienböck Disease: Five Years Results of a Prospective Case Series and Retrospective Case Series of 106 Patients. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.06.032

[7] Temporary Scaphotrapezoidal Joint Fixation for Adolescent Kienböck's Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.09.019

[8] Radial Shortening Osteotomy for Symptomatic Kienböck's Disease: Complications and Long-Term Patient-Reported Outcome. Journal of Wrist Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714750

[9] Kienböck Disease in the Skeletally Immature Patient. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.02.029

[10] The Effect of Lunate Morphology in Kienböck Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.024

[11] Kienböck Disease: Recent Advances in Understanding and Management. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.24.01090

[12] Precision Medicine for Kienböck Disease in the 21st Century. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.03.014

[13] Comparing the Radiologic and Functional Outcome of Radial Shortening Versus Capitate Shortening in Management of Kienböck’s Disease. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447221081564

[14] Long-Term Results of Vascularized Bone Graft for Stage III Kienböck Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.02.010

[15] Diagnostic performance of traditional radiographic indices in detection of carpal collapse in Kienböck’s disease. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231153966

[16] Long-term clinical results and MRI changes after tendon ball arthroplasty for advanced Kienböck’s disease. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193412471183

[17] Long-term outcome (20 to 33 years) of radial shortening osteotomy for Kienböck’s lunatomalacia. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413512222

[18] Kienböck’s disease: preventing disease progression in early-stage disease. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934221146851

[19] Long-Term Subjective and Radiological Outcome After Reconstruction of Kienböck’s Disease Stage 3 Treated by a Free Vascularized Iliac Bone Graft. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.11.005

[20] Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Scaphocapitate Fusion in Kienböck Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.03.014

[21] Treatment of Advanced Kienbock's Disease (Lichtman Stage IIIB with Carpal Collapse) by a Shortening Osteotomy of the Radius: 21 Cases. Journal of Wrist Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688947

[22] Save or Salvage: Radial Shortening Osteotomy and Proximal Row Carpectomy in Kienböck’s Disease—A Descriptive Study. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.031

[25] Adolescent Kienböck's Disease: A Comparison between Lunate Offloading and Revascularization Procedures. Journal of Wrist Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701511

[26] Interobserver Agreement in Diagnosing Early-Stage Kienböck Disease on Radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. HAND. 2016. DOI: 10.1177/1558944716677538

[27] Risk Factors of Lunate Collapse in Kienböck Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.107

[28] Long-Term Clinical Outcome After Titanium Lunate Arthroplasty for Kienböck Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.02.009

[29] Outcome of Kienböck's Disease 22 Years after Distal Radius Shortening Osteotomy. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2007. DOI: 10.1097/blo.0b013e318041d309

[30] Radiographic Progression of Kienböck Disease: Radial Shortening Versus No Surgery. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.02.016

[32] Systematic Review of the Treatment of Kienböck's Disease in Its Early and Late Stages. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.02.002

[34] Reliability and reproducibility of Kienböck’s disease staging. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2010. DOI: 10.1177/1753193410373862

[35] Kienböck Disease: Moving Forward. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.02.013

[36] Wrist Swelling in Kienböck's Disease. Journal of Wrist Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661420

[37] Kinematics of the wrist in Kienböck’s disease: a four-dimensional computed tomography study. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2021. DOI: 10.1177/1753193420987790

[38] Kienböck's Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.10.013

[39] Arthroscopic Treatment of Kienböck Disease: Mid-Term Outcome of Arthroscopic Lunate Core Decompression. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.02.011

[40] Results of scaphocapitate arthrodesis with lunate excision in advanced Kienböck disease at 10.7-year mean follow-up. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1753193417739247

[43] Fixation of the Fractured Lunate in Kienböck Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.05.008

[44] Long-Term Outcome of Surgical Treatment for Kienböck Disease Using an Articular-Based Classification. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.11.004

[45] Correlation of Histopathology With Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Kienböck Disease. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.027

[47] Radiography versus computed tomography for osseous staging of Kienböck’s disease. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241286115

[48] The treatment of Kienböck disease with vascularized bone graft from dorsal radius. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-008-0586-x

[51] Limited Intercarpal Fusion as a Salvage Procedure for Advanced Kienbock Disease. HAND. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-014-9705-z

[57] Superselective angiography of the wrist in patients with Kienböck’s disease. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2019. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2492-5

[62] Radiographic and Computed Tomography Correlation of Kienböck's Disease: Is There a Need to Revisit Staging with Improved Imaging?. Journal of Wrist Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688993

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