Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

关节过度活动与埃勒斯-当洛综合征

PDF

Bendy joints that can slip or ache — the spectrum from benign hypermobility to hEDS, and why strengthening is the mainstay.

拇指向后弯曲至前臂方向,展示关节过度活动。
关节过度活动的典型体征——拇指可向 forearm(前臂)方向弯曲。 Dagger9977 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能一直是那个“双关节”的人,能够将拇指弯向 forearm(前臂),肘关节过伸,或将自己折叠成让其他人皱眉的形状。对许多人来说,这种灵活性只是一种无害的怪癖,不会引起任何问题。

然而,对一些人来说,这是有代价的。超出正常活动范围的关节可能会疼痛,尤其是在活动后或一天结束时。您可能会注意到某些关节发出咔哒声、沉闷声或感觉松动,仿佛它们会滑脱,有时确实如此。在上肢中,肩关节、小指关节和拇指基部是常见的罪魁祸首:肩关节部分滑脱(半脱位)或完全脱位,手指以错误的方式弯曲,拇指关节在捏或抓握时失效。损伤似乎比预期的需要更长时间才能恢复,并且同一个关节可能会反复让您失望。

过度活动性通常与其他特征一起出现。有些人皮肤柔软或弹性大,容易瘀伤。许多人描述疲劳程度与他们的活动量不成比例,站立时头晕或心跳加速,以及消化症状如腹胀或反流。并非所有人都有所有这些症状,但如果其中几项与您的关节松弛相符,它们可能是相关的。

实际情况

您的关节由结缔组织(韧带、肌腱以及每个关节周围的关节囊)固定和支持,而该组织的关键构成成分是一种称为胶原蛋白的蛋白质。在关节过度活动症患者中,胶原蛋白和结缔组织通常比常人更具延展性和弹性。这些支撑结构更容易发生形变,因此关节的活动范围可以超过正常限制。

这种情况存在于一个谱系中。一端是单纯的关节过度活动症,通常不会引起任何问题。当松弛的关节开始产生疼痛、不稳定或反复受伤时,医生将其诊断为过度活动谱系障碍。另一端是高活动型埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征(hEDS),其结缔组织的延展性更为明显,且更常伴随更广泛的全身性特征(如皮肤、易 bruising、疲劳、胃肠道症状以及头晕/自主神经症状)。这些情况之间的界限并不清晰,且个体所处的位置可能会随时间推移而变化。为了帮助明确诊断,医生通常会结合您的完整病史,使用一套简单的弯曲测试,即比顿评分(Beighton score)

这一切对您的关节之所以重要,归结为一个核心概念:如果被动支撑结构(韧带和关节囊)对关节的固定作用较弱,关节就必须更多地依赖周围的肌肉来维持稳定。当这些肌肉强壮且协调良好时,关节保持稳定。当它们疲劳或未经过针对性训练时,关节会出现半脱位、酸痛,并且在多年后可能会比正常情况下磨损得更快。

肩部有一个值得了解的特定模式。单一损伤可能导致正常肩关节向一个方向脱位,而松弛的肩关节往往感觉向多个方向同时不稳定,向前、向后或向下滑动。医生称这种情况为多向性不稳定。这也意味着这些肩关节更倾向于发生部分半脱位并自行复位(subluxate),而非完全脱位。这一点很重要,因为这种类型的不稳定对增强肌肉控制力的反应最好,而对单纯手术的疗效最差。

我们能做什么

最重要的信息是:关节过度活动症和遗传性埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征(hEDS)无法治愈, 但完全可以管理,管理的核心并非药物或手术。而是构建稳定您关节的肌肉。

物理治疗和针对性强化训练是主要手段。一位理解关节过度活动症的物理治疗师将与您合作,针对您最困扰的关节周围建立控制力和力量。在上肢,这通常意味着肩胛骨和肩袖肌肉,以及控制拇指和手指的小肌肉。目标是训练您的肌肉去承担韧带较少承担的稳定工作。这是一个渐进且持续的过程,而非快速解决方案,但这是大多数人的情况得以改善的关键。

围绕这一核心,其他几项措施也有帮助:

  • 活动节奏与关节保护: 将活动分散在全天,避免使松弛关节承受压力的极限位置,并调整执行高强度或重复性任务的方式。
  • 支具与贴扎: 选择性使用以在建立力量或度过急性发作期时支撑关节,而非作为永久性依赖。
  • 疼痛管理: 简单策略、有时使用药物,以及关注睡眠、疲劳和其他全身性症状,因为这些都会影响您对关节的感受。

手术需谨慎对待。 对于上肢外科医生而言,这是一个真正重要的观点。当关节(最常见的是肩关节)在良好的康复后仍反复脱位时,可考虑进行稳定手术。但是,最初导致关节松弛的同一类弹性组织也使手术修复的可靠性降低,且愈合方式可能不同,因此标准的稳定手术随时间推移出现拉伸或失败的风险更高。因此,手术仅保留用于经过仔细筛选的病例,在充分考虑到您的关节过度活动症的情况下进行规划,并始终在术前和术后配合强化训练计划。康复训练是保护手术效果的关键。

预期情况

关节过度活动性是你身体结构的一部分,因此它不会消失,但通过适当的管理,其影响可能会发生巨大变化。许多坚持进行强化训练的人发现,他们的关节变得更加稳定,疼痛得到缓解,关节半脱位和脱位的频率也显著降低。进展通常是稳步的,而非突然的,以月为单位来衡量,并且为了长期保持这些成果,关键在于持续维持肌肉状态,而不是在情况改善后就停止训练。

最好将这种情况视为与身体建立长期的伙伴关系,而不是一次性解决的问题。症状波动仍可能发生,尤其是在生病、生长突增或活动减少期间,但你会逐渐学会识别早期迹象并加以预防。当存在更广泛的症状(如疲劳、头晕、胃肠道症状)时,在关注关节的同时照顾这些症状,通常会使整体状况更易于管理。通过合理的计划,大多数人能够保持活跃,并继续从事对他们重要的事情。

何时就医

  • 关节反复脱位或部分半脱位,尤其是肩关节,或首次脱位后无法复位。
  • 致残性疼痛或在休息及采取常规措施后仍持续加重的疼痛。
  • 影响日常生活的关节不稳: 因关节反复“掉链子”而导致抓握、提举、工作或睡眠困难。
  • 新发或迅速加重的关节问题,或手臂或手部出现麻木、刺痛或无力
  • 如果您怀疑患有关节活动度过大谱系障碍或高弹性皮肤综合征(hEDS)并希望得到专业评估(特别是当关节松弛伴随皮肤、瘀伤、疲劳、头晕或胃肠道症状时),建议寻求全面评估,以便制定合适的治疗方案。

更深入的了解

本节将提供更详细、适合学生水平的解释。虽然管理关节过度活动并不需要了解这些内容,但如果您好奇为什么关节会松弛以及组织为何表现出这样的行为,请继续阅读。

归根结底是胶原蛋白

胶原蛋白是身体的主要结构蛋白:它是骨骼、肌腱、韧带和皮肤内部的坚韧支架(参见相关页面)。在关节过度活动症和埃勒斯-当洛综合征(EDS)中,负责构建或加工胶原蛋白的基因存在遗传性差异,导致胶原蛋白比正常情况稍弱或更具延展性。由于胶原蛋白无处不在,其微小的变化会在全身表现出来。

为什么关节松弛且组织脆弱

更具弹性的韧带和关节囊使关节活动超出正常范围(过度活动),更容易发生脱位或半脱位,并提供更不可靠的位置觉,因此关节可能感觉不稳定。相同的胶原差异通常使皮肤柔软且有弹性,容易瘀伤,并且在某些类型中,使其他组织更脆弱。

一个谱系,以及为何分型至关重要

该谱系从常见的良性关节过度活动症延伸至明确的埃勒斯-当洛综合征(Ehlers-Danlos syndromes,EDS)。大多数类型通过保守治疗进行管理,并无危险。但少数罕见类型,尤其是血管型 EDS,会影响血管和空腔器官,需要专科护理。这正是准确诊断和分型至关重要的原因:大多数人只需良好的关节管理,而少数人则需要更密切的监测。

为什么力量和本体感觉是治疗的关键

你无法改变与生俱来的胶原蛋白,因此管理策略是“绕道而行”:通过强化稳定松弛关节的肌肉,并重新训练位置觉(本体感觉),使身体能够自我保护其关节。正是这一点,而非对所有部位进行支具固定,才是维持过度活动关节健康的关键。


Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.