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促进愈合的饮食

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日常饮食如何支持术后康复——确保充足的蛋白质和能量摄入,摄取有助于伤口和骨骼愈合的维生素与矿物质,保持排便通畅,以及当手臂暂时无法使用时单手进食的几点建议。

一盘富含蛋白质的食物,搭配色彩鲜艳的蔬菜和水果。
良好的日常营养——蛋白质、蔬菜和水果——能为身体提供愈合所需的材料。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

良好的饮食无法让手术伤口在一夜之间愈合,但均衡的饮食确实有助于身体进行修复工作,而不良的饮食则可能延缓愈合进程。手术后,您的身体正忙于多项任务:闭合伤口、生成新组织以及修复肌腱或骨骼。所有这些过程都依赖于您摄入的食物。好消息是,您无需任何特殊、奢华或昂贵的食物。只要保持正常、均衡的饮食,并对某些方面稍加注意,就能满足您愈合所需的几乎一切营养。

蛋白质——主要的构建基石

如果您只记住一件事,请记住这一点:蛋白质是身体自我修复的原材料。新的皮肤、愈合的肌腱、骨骼以及对抗感染的细胞均由其构成。在手术后的几周内,您对蛋白质的需求实际上会增加,而这恰恰是许多人进食量略低于平时的时期。

请尝试在每餐中都包含一种蛋白质食物,而不是将其全部留到晚餐:

  • 瘦肉、鸡肉、鱼类(罐装鱼类,如金枪鱼或三文鱼,食用方便)
  • 鸡蛋
  • 牛奶、奶酪和酸奶
  • 豆类、扁豆和鹰嘴豆
  • 豆腐、坚果和坚果酱

您无需称重或计数。一个简单的经验法则是:每顿主餐摄入一份手掌大小的蛋白质食物,外加富含蛋白质的零食,如一份酸奶、一把坚果、奶酪配饼干,或一杯牛奶。

总体能量充足

愈合过程会消耗能量,因此您的身体需要足够的燃料来完成这一过程。这绝不是节食或尝试减肥的时候。 大幅减少食物摄入会使身体缺乏修复所需的能量,从而导致恢复停滞。

请像往常一样规律地进食均衡的饮食。如果您的食欲下降(这在手术后、麻醉后或服用强效止痛药期间很常见),通常少量多餐比面对一大盘食物更有效。在两餐之间食用有营养的零食,并选择您真正想吃的食物,都有助于您的食欲逐渐恢复。

有助于您康复的维生素和矿物质

多样化饮食,包含充足的水果、蔬菜和全谷物,可提供您修复工作所依赖的维生素和矿物质。术后最重要的包括:

  • 维生素 C 有助于构建胶原蛋白,这是您的身体用于闭合和加固伤口的支架。它存在于柑橘类水果、浆果、猕猴桃、番茄、甜椒和绿叶蔬菜中。
  • 锌 支持伤口愈合和您的免疫系统。良好的来源包括肉类、海鲜、鸡蛋、乳制品、坚果、种子和全谷物。
  • 维生素 D 和钙 在骨折或骨骼手术后尤为重要,因为它们是骨骼重建的基础。钙来自乳制品、强化植物奶、带软骨的罐装鱼和绿叶蔬菜;维生素 D 主要来自阳光,少量存在于油性鱼类和鸡蛋中。如果您接受过骨骼手术,值得查看我们的 骨骼健康 页面。
  • 铁 有助于在体内运输氧气并重建血液,如果您在手术中失血,这很有用。红肉、鸡蛋、豆类、扁豆和绿色蔬菜都提供铁,同时摄入富含维生素 C 的食物有助于您吸收植物来源的铁。

您会注意到这些均来自普通的日常食物。在一周内合理搭配饮食,您就能涵盖这些营养素,而无需过多纠结于某一种。

保持肠道通畅——膳食纤维与水分

恢复过程中一个非常常见且令人不快的部分是便秘。强效止痛药(特别是含有可待因或羟考酮的药物)会显著减缓肠道蠕动,而活动量减少会进一步加重这一情况。提前做一些规划可以避免这种情况。

  • 全天充分饮水:水是最理想的选择。仅此一项就能带来显著改善。
  • 摄入膳食纤维:水果、蔬菜、全麦面包和谷物、燕麦、豆类及扁豆都有助于保持肠道通畅。
  • 在既定限制范围内保持温和活动;即使是短时间的规律步行也有助于促进肠道蠕动。

如果您知道需要服用强效止痛药超过一两天,明智的做法是从一开始就保持充足的水分和膳食纤维摄入,并咨询药剂师关于温和泻药的使用,而不是等到感到不适时再采取行动。

您需要补充剂吗?

对于大多数人来说,答案是否定的。如果您饮食相对均衡,就能从食物中获得所需营养,且没有可靠证据表明额外服用维生素片能让健康人愈合得更快。

合理的例外是纠正已知的营养缺乏。如果血液检查显示您缺乏某种营养素(通常是维生素D或铁),那么补充该营养素确实有益。这与“以防万一”而服用多种补充剂不同。如果您正在服用补充剂,或在考虑某种特定补充剂,建议与我们或您的全科医生简短咨询,因为某些补充剂可能与药物相互作用,或在手术前后不宜服用。(我们关于肌肉骨骼健康营养补充剂的独立页面对此有更详细的介绍。)

如果您患有糖尿病,有一件事值得特别关注:将血糖控制在良好水平。高血糖会干扰愈合过程,并增加伤口问题和感染的风险,因此手术前后的几周是严格控制血糖水平并严格遵循常规糖尿病管理建议的好时机。

单臂进食:当您的手臂暂时无法使用时

上肢手术后,实际问题往往不在于吃什么,而在于当一只手臂佩戴吊带时,如何准备和进食。提前做一些规划会带来很大的不同:

  • 储备简便、无需复杂处理的蛋白质:酸奶、奶酪、罐装鱼、鸡蛋、牛奶、坚果酱、鹰嘴豆泥、烤豆、预煮鸡肉。
  • 在能够活动时提前准备。 在手术前批量烹饪并冷冻餐食,或在术后几天内多做一些,以便您能单手重新加热现成的份量。
  • 购买即食食品:预切蔬菜和水果、磨碎的奶酪、微波米饭、即食餐以及易开包装。
  • 布置好舒适的进食环境:盘子下垫防滑垫可防止滑动;三明治或一锅煮的菜肴等简单餐食,比需要同时使用刀叉的食物容易得多。
  • 接受帮助。 如果家人或朋友在前一两周提出送餐或代购,请答应;这是他们帮忙的最简单方式之一,也能减轻您的压力。

如出现以下情况,请寻求建议

大多数人在康复过程中通过饮食恢复不会遇到任何问题。但如果您出现以下情况,请与我们、您的全科医生或营养师沟通:

  • 您的食欲持续不佳,或在非故意情况下体重减轻
  • 您吞咽困难,或进食或饮水时引起咳嗽或呛噎
  • 您患有糖尿病,且血糖偏高或难以控制
  • 您被告知存在某种缺乏症(如缺铁或维生素D缺乏),但不确定如何纠正

均衡饮食是康复过程中少数真正由您自己掌控的环节之一。您不必做到完美,只需目标是规律、均衡的膳食,每餐包含蛋白质,摄入充足的水分,并保证足够的食物多样性以覆盖所需的维生素和矿物质。您的身体会完成其余的工作。


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