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促进愈合的健康饮食

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日常饮食如何支持术后恢复——摄入足够的蛋白质和能量,补充有助于伤口和骨骼愈合的维生素与矿物质,保持身体活动,以及手臂不便时单手进食的小贴士。

一盘富含蛋白质的食物,搭配色彩鲜艳的蔬菜和水果。
良好的日常营养——包括蛋白质、蔬菜和水果——为身体提供愈合所需的材料。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

良好的饮食无法让手术伤口一夜愈合,但健康饮食确实有助于身体进行修复工作,而饮食不良则会延缓这一过程。术后,您的身体正忙于:缝合伤口、生成新组织,以及修复肌腱或骨骼。所有这些修复过程都依赖于您摄入的食物。好消息是,您不需要任何特殊、复杂或昂贵的东西。只需在正常均衡饮食的基础上,稍加注意几个方面,就能满足您愈合所需的大部分营养。

蛋白质——主要的构建材料

如果你只记住一件事,请记住:蛋白质是身体自我修复的原材料。新的皮肤、愈合的肌腱、骨骼以及抗感染的细胞均由其构成。在术后几周,你对蛋白质的需求量实际上会增加,而这时许多人吃的食物却比平时少。

尽量每餐都摄入蛋白质食物,而不是全部留到晚餐:

  • 瘦肉、鸡肉、鱼类(金枪鱼或三文鱼等罐头鱼很方便)
  • 鸡蛋
  • 牛奶、奶酪和酸奶
  • 豆类、扁豆和鹰嘴豆
  • 豆腐、坚果和坚果酱

你无需称重或计算。一个简单的经验法则是:每顿正餐摄入一份手掌大小的蛋白质食物,并搭配富含蛋白质的零食,如酸奶、一把坚果、奶酪和饼干,或一杯牛奶。

总体能量充足

愈合过程会消耗能量,因此身体需要足够的燃料来完成这一过程。此时不应节食或试图减重。 大幅减少摄入会导致身体缺乏修复所需的能量,从而延缓恢复进程。

应像往常一样规律、均衡地进食。如果食欲下降(这在手术后、麻醉后或服用强效止痛药期间很常见),少量多餐通常比面对一大盘食物更有效。在两餐之间吃些有营养的零食,并选择你真正想吃的食物,都有助于在食欲逐渐恢复期间维持营养。

有助于愈合的维生素和矿物质

富含水果、蔬菜和全谷物的多样化饮食,可为修复工作提供所需的维生素和矿物质。术后最重要的是:

  • 维生素C 有助于构建胶原蛋白,即身体用于闭合和加强伤口的支架。它存在于柑橘类水果、浆果、猕猴桃、番茄、甜椒和绿叶蔬菜中。
  • 支持伤口愈合和免疫系统。良好的来源包括肉类、海鲜、鸡蛋、乳制品、坚果、种子和全谷物。
  • 维生素D和钙 在骨折或骨骼手术后尤为重要,因为它们是骨骼重建的基础。钙来自乳制品、强化植物奶、带软骨的罐头鱼和绿叶蔬菜;维生素D主要来自阳光,少量存在于油性鱼类和鸡蛋中。如果您接受了骨骼手术,不妨查看我们的骨骼健康页面。
  • 有助于在体内输送氧气并重建血液,如果您在手术中失血,这将非常有用。红肉、鸡蛋、豆类、扁豆和绿色蔬菜均能提供铁,同时摄入富含维生素C的食物有助于您吸收植物性来源的铁。

您会注意到,这些营养素都来自普通、日常的食物。在一周内合理搭配食用,您无需过多思考单一食物即可满足需求。

保持肠道通畅——膳食纤维与水分

恢复期非常常见且令人不适的一个问题是便秘。强效止痛药(特别是含有可待因或羟考酮成分的药物)会显著减缓肠道蠕动,而活动量减少也会加重这一情况。稍加规划即可预防。

  • 全天充足饮水:水是最理想的选择。仅此一项就能产生显著效果。
  • 摄入膳食纤维:水果、蔬菜、全麦面包和谷物、燕麦、豆类和扁豆都有助于促进肠道蠕动。
  • 在允许的范围内保持适度活动:即使短时间的规律散步也有助于促进肠道功能。

如果您预计需要服用强效止痛药超过一两天,明智的做法是从一开始就保持充足的水分和膳食纤维摄入,并咨询药剂师关于使用温和的缓泻剂,而不是等到感到不适时才采取行动。

您需要补充剂吗?

对大多数人来说,答案是否定的。如果您饮食相对均衡,就能从食物中获取所需营养,且没有充分证据表明额外服用多种维生素片能让健康人愈合得更快。

合理的例外情况是纠正已知的营养缺乏。如果血液检查显示您缺乏某种营养素(通常是维生素 D 或铁),那么补充这些营养素确实有益。这与“以防万一”地服用一把补充剂不同。如果您已经在服用补充剂,或正在考虑服用某种特定补充剂,建议您与我们或您的全科医生(GP)简要沟通,因为某些补充剂可能与药物发生相互作用,或在手术前后不宜服用。(我们关于肌肉骨骼健康营养补充剂的单独页面对此有更详细的说明。)

如果您患有糖尿病,有一件事值得特别关注:严格控制血糖。高血糖会干扰愈合过程,并增加伤口问题和感染的风险,因此在手术前后的数周内,应密切关注血糖水平,并严格遵循您常规的糖尿病管理建议。

手臂不便时单手进食

上肢手术后,实际的难题往往不在于吃什么,而在于如何用一只绑着吊带的手臂来准备和进食。做一些前瞻性的规划会带来很大的不同:

  • 储备简单、无需繁琐处理的蛋白质:酸奶、奶酪、罐装鱼、鸡蛋、牛奶、坚果酱、鹰嘴豆泥、焗豆、预煮鸡肉。
  • 趁能活动时提前准备。在手术前批量烹饪并冷冻餐食,或在术后几天多做一些,以便有现成的份量可以单手加热食用。
  • 购买即食食品:预切蔬菜和水果、擦碎的奶酪、微波米饭、即食餐以及易开包装食品。
  • 为自己营造舒适的进食环境:盘子下的防滑垫可防止其滑动,简单的工具比需要同时使用刀叉的食物更容易处理三明治或一锅餐。
  • 接受帮助。如果家人或朋友提出在第一两周内送来餐食或帮忙购物,请欣然接受;这是他们提供帮助的最简单方式之一,也能减轻你的压力。

如有以下情况,请咨询

大多数人在康复期间通过正常饮食即可顺利恢复。但如果出现以下情况,请与我们的医疗团队、您的全科医生(GP)或营养师联系:

  • 食欲持续不佳,或在不节食的情况下体重下降
  • 吞咽困难,或进食/饮水时出现咳嗽或呛咳
  • 患有糖尿病,且血糖水平偏高或难以控制
  • 被告知存在营养缺乏(如缺铁或维生素D缺乏),但不确定如何纠正

良好的饮食是康复过程中少数完全由您自己掌控的环节之一。您无需做到完美,只需确保规律、均衡地进食,每餐包含蛋白质,摄入充足的水分,并保持足够的食物多样性以涵盖所需的维生素和矿物质。您的身体将自行完成其余的修复工作。


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