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全肩关节置换术

Phase-by-phase rehabilitation protocol after total shoulder replacement, with criteria to progress and the early exercise program.

Updated Jun 2026
图示:一名患者手臂置于吊带中,物理治疗师正在调整吊带带子。
全肩关节置换术后恢复活动度和力量。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

机器翻译,已经临床审核。

本方案旨在指导您在基兰·希尔帕拉(Kieran Hirpara)医生处接受全肩关节置换术(全肩关节置换)后的康复过程。以下每个阶段均以通俗易懂的语言解释当前情况及最关键事项,随后附上供您的物理治疗师参考的结构化方案;请在首次物理治疗就诊时携带此页面或其PDF文件,以确保康复过程协调一致。您的物理治疗师可能会根据您的康复进展调整该计划。

如果您在术后对伤口有任何疑虑,请联系诊室。拍摄伤口照片并通过电子邮件发送以供审查通常会有所帮助。

预期情况

您醒来时手臂会麻木,感觉通常在 6 到 12 小时内恢复。极少数情况下,麻木或无力可能会持续 2 到 3 天。

从手术中醒来后,您将佩戴悬吊带,肩部覆盖有大块垫子。出院前会移除该垫子。垫子下方是防水敷料,覆盖着手术胶条,可保留 2 周无需处理。您的缝线为可吸收线,无需拆除,但伤口两端可能会有线头残留,可在 2 周后修剪至与皮肤齐平。我们将为您预约术后 1–2 周进行伤口检查。如果您无法参加敷料检查,可在 2 周后自行移除敷料。

总体进程概览:

  • 保护期: 第 0–3 周
  • 中期康复: 第 4–6 周
  • 中期持续康复: 第 7–8 周
  • 过渡期: 第 9–11 周
  • 高级强化训练: 第 12–16 周

恢复活动的预计时间:

  • 驾驶: 6 周
  • 游泳: 蛙泳 8 周;自由泳 12 周
  • 高尔夫: 4–6 个月
  • 提重物: 6 周后可开始轻体力提举;6 个月内避免提举重物
  • 工作: 久坐工作 6 周;体力工作需根据主刀医生指导进行

佩戴悬吊带

您的悬吊带(肩部固定器)在肩部愈合期间提供支撑。规则很简单:

  • 佩戴 6 周,包括睡觉时。
  • 仅在淋浴以及在接受指导后进行锻炼时取下悬吊带;只要悬吊带未佩戴,手臂应保持在身体侧方。
  • 在家休息时,如果注意得当可以取下:坐着时手臂用枕头支撑。
  • 如果肩部肿胀或疼痛,请使用冰敷,尤其是在锻炼后。

正确佩戴很重要,松垮的悬吊带无法有效支撑肩部:

  1. 将肘部完全推入悬吊带的角落,确保得到良好支撑。
  2. 悬吊带的末端应位于小指的指关节处。如果您的手伸出得更远,说明悬吊带未能提供有效支撑。
  3. 悬吊带有两条魔术贴绑带:一条用于颈部,一条用于腰部。
  4. 在肘部和前臂位置摆正后,使用未手术侧的手臂将上部绑带绕过颈部,并通过上部环扣固定。
  5. 以相同方式将下部绑带绕过腰部,并通过下部环扣固定。

佩戴悬吊带期间,请注意姿势。保持耳朵、肩膀和髋部在一条直线上,避免肩膀下垂;良好的姿势有助于保护背部并防止肩部僵硬。坐着时在腰部下方垫一条卷起的毛巾,是一个有用的提醒。

在您回家之前,病房物理治疗师将为您佩戴悬吊带,教您独立管理悬吊带,并开始进行以下温和的锻炼。肩部康复中经常提到三个术语,了解它们的区别很有帮助:主动活动范围 (AROM) 指自行移动手臂,无需辅助或帮助;主动辅助活动范围 (AAROM) 指使用另一只手臂或物体帮助手臂移动;被动活动范围 (PROM) 指手臂完全放松,由另一只手臂或外力承担 100% 的工作。您的物理治疗师会告知您每项锻炼使用的是哪种运动方式。

您在住院期间及回家最初几周应遵循的早期康复规则:

  • 您需要佩戴悬吊带睡觉。
  • 如有需要,使用冰敷缓解疼痛。
  • 佩戴悬吊带时,放松肩部,让悬吊带承担手臂的重量。
  • 在进行锻炼和物理治疗预约之前服用止痛药。
  • 允许在锻炼和淋浴时将手臂从悬吊带中取出。
  • 您需要佩戴悬吊带 6 周,特别是在外出时。
  • 除非您选择自行安排物理治疗,否则已为您安排了预约,详情见您的出院资料包。
  • 如果有任何问题,请联系办公室或告知您的物理治疗师。

以下是您的早期锻炼,在医院开始,并在物理治疗师的指导下继续在家进行:

您在医院的最初几天

第一阶段 — 保护期(第 0–3 周)

最初三周的重点是在肩部稳定过程中保护新修复的肩关节。您将佩戴肩关节固定带(保持中立位,夜间睡眠时佩戴),使用冰敷和加压以减轻肿胀,同时物理治疗师会在既定范围内为您轻柔地活动肩关节,而您需自行保持手部、腕部和肘部的活动。从第 2 周开始,进行轻柔的肩胛骨练习和握球挤压练习。最重要的规则是:禁止主动肩关节活动、禁止手伸至背后、禁止提举重物,以及禁止通过手部支撑身体向上推起。

给物理治疗师:

目标

  • 保护手术修复部位
  • 减轻肿胀,最小化疼痛
  • 维持上肢(UE)肘部、手部和腕部的活动范围
  • 逐步增加肩关节被动活动范围(PROM)
  • 最小化肌肉抑制
  • 患者教育

管理措施

  • 肩关节固定带:中立旋转位;夜间睡眠时使用
  • 肿胀管理:冰敷、加压
  • 活动范围/灵活性:
    • 被动活动范围(PROM):肩胛平面内外旋(ER)≤ 30 度;肩胛平面内旋(IR)至腰带水平
    • 屈曲/侧平举至耐受限度;外展(ABD)≤ 90 度;钟摆运动;坐位盂肱(GH)关节屈曲桌面滑动;坐位水平桌面滑动
    • 主动辅助活动范围(AAROM):主动辅助肩关节屈曲
    • 主动活动范围(AROM):肘部、手部、腕部
  • 力量训练(第 2 周):
    • 肩胛周围肌群:肩胛骨后缩、俯卧位肩胛骨后缩、站立位肩胛骨定位、支撑位肩胛骨定位、向下平移、低拉
    • 握球挤压

注意事项

  • 禁止肩关节主动活动(AROM)
  • 禁止手伸至背后,尤其是内旋位
  • 禁止过度肩关节外旋或外展
  • 禁止提举物体
  • 禁止用手支撑体重
  • 仰卧时在肘部下方放置小枕头或毛巾卷,以避免肩关节过伸

进阶标准

  • 与对侧相比,肩关节 PROM 屈曲和侧平举 ≥ 50%
  • 肩关节 ABD PROM ≤ 90 度
  • 肩胛平面内肩关节 ER PROM ≤ 30 度
  • 肩胛平面内 IR PROM ≥ 70 度
  • 肩胛肌群可触及肌肉收缩
  • 疼痛评分 < 4/10
  • 第一阶段无并发症

第二阶段 — 中期(第 4–6 周)

肩部仍受保护,但活动度正稳步增加。夜间仍需佩戴支具,白天在这两周内逐渐停用。您的物理治疗师将逐步推进被动活动至全范围(仍受限于特定的外旋和外展角度),增加辅助活动和主动活动,并开始针对肩袖和肩胛骨周围肌肉的轻柔激活训练。不要提比咖啡杯更重的物品,并继续避免极端的旋转和伸展动作。

致物理治疗师:

目标

  • 继续保护手术修复部位
  • 减轻肿胀,最小化疼痛
  • 逐渐增加肩关节被动活动度 (PROM)
  • 在主动活动度 (AROM) 和辅助主动活动度 (AAROM) 中减少代偿模式
  • 改善肩胛周围肌肉的激活/力量
  • 启动肩袖 (RTC) 激活(外旋肌)
  • 患者教育

管理方案

  • 支具:睡眠时使用;在接下来的两周内,白天逐渐停用支具
  • 继续第一阶段的干预措施
  • 活动度/灵活性:
    • 被动活动度 (PROM):全范围,但肩胛平面外旋 (ER) ≤ 30 度且外展 (ABD) ≤ 90 度除外
    • 辅助主动活动度 (AAROM):使用手杖进行肩前屈、手杖外旋拉伸、毛巾按压、坐姿肩前屈
    • 主动活动度 (AROM):仰卧前屈、敬礼动作、仰卧出拳
  • 力量训练:
    • 肩袖:外旋等长收缩
    • 肩胛周围:药球划船、前锯肌出拳
    • 肘部:二头肌弯举、弹力带二头肌弯举及三头肌训练
  • 运动控制:
    • 侧平举 (scaption) 和前屈 90–125 度范围内的外旋(节律性稳定训练)
  • 拉伸:
    • 侧卧水平内收

注意事项

  • 避免过度的肩外旋或外展
  • 不要提比咖啡杯更重的物品
  • 不要用手支撑身体重量
  • 仰卧时,在肘部下方放置小枕头或毛巾卷,以避免肩过度后伸

进阶标准

  • 肩被动活动度 (PROM) 前屈和侧平举达到健侧的 ≥ 75%
  • 肩被动活动度 (PROM) 肩胛平面内旋 (IR) 达到健侧的 ≥ 75%
  • 肩被动活动度 (PROM) 肩胛平面外旋 (ER) 达到 30 度
  • 肩被动活动度 (PROM) 外展 (ABD) 达到 90 度
  • 辅助主动活动度 (AAROM) 中代偿模式最小化
  • 主动活动度 (AROM) 肩前屈达到 100 度,且代偿模式最小化
  • 疼痛评分 < 4/10
  • 第二阶段无并发症

第三阶段 — 中期,继续(第7–8周)

悬吊带现已停用,目标是各个方向的全范围活动,必要时辅助,并逐渐依靠自身力量完成。强化训练逐步增加,包括针对肩袖和肩胛骨肌肉的弹力带训练,您可以恢复全部日常活动。仍有两项限制:负重不超过5公斤,以及避免对肩前部愈合组织造成过度应力。

物理治疗师须知:

目标

  • 避免对愈合组织造成过度应力(尤其是前关节囊)
  • 最小化疼痛
  • 维持被动活动度(PROM)
  • 改善主动活动度(AROM)
  • 进展性强化肩胛周围肌群和肩袖(RTC)力量
  • 恢复全部功能性活动
  • 患者教育

管理

  • 悬吊带:停用
  • 继续第一和第二阶段的干预措施
  • 活动度/灵活性:
    • 所有平面全范围活动
    • 辅助主动活动度(AAROM):倾斜桌滑动、球体墙面滚动、爬墙、滑轮
    • 主动活动度(AROM):坐姿外展、坐姿屈曲、仰卧前屈举伴弹力带阻力至90度
  • 强化训练:
    • 肩袖:内旋等长收缩、侧卧外旋、站立弹力带外旋、站立弹力带内旋、内旋、外旋
    • 肩胛周围肌群:弹力带肩后伸、弹力带坐姿划船、划船、割草机动作、抢劫动作(robbery)
  • 运动控制:
    • 内旋/外旋及屈曲90–125度(节律性稳定)
    • 四足位交替等长收缩及墙面球体稳定
    • 本体感觉神经肌肉促进法(PNF):D1对角线提升、PNF D2对角线提升
  • 拉伸:
    • 毛巾辅助背后内旋、侧卧水平内收、睡眠者拉伸、肱三头肌和背阔肌拉伸

注意事项

  • 禁止提举重物(> 5公斤)

进阶标准

  • 肩主动活动度(AROM)中代偿模式极少或无
  • 疼痛评分 < 4/10

第四阶段 — 过渡期(第9–11周)

此时关节活动度应已完全恢复且无痛;本阶段的重点是使关节变得强壮且稳定。肩袖练习的阻力增加,肩胛骨训练内容更加广泛,控制性练习则在斜向的功能性模式中挑战肩关节的控制能力。5公斤的负重限制仍然适用,仍需避免对关节前侧产生应力的体位(即手臂外展超过80度时进行外旋)。

致物理治疗师:

目标

  • 避免过度牵拉愈合中的组织(尤其是前关节囊)
  • 维持无痛的被动关节活动度(PROM)
  • 继续改善主动关节活动度(AROM)
  • 改善动态肩关节稳定性
  • 逐步恢复肩关节力量和耐力

管理

  • 继续执行第二至第三阶段的干预措施
  • 关节活动度/灵活性:
    • 所有平面内达到全范围关节活动度
  • 力量训练:
    • 肩袖:增加肩袖练习的阻力
    • 肩胛周围肌群:跪姿俯卧撑加号(push-up plus)、“W”字练习、弹力带“W”字练习、动态拥抱、弹力带动态拥抱、俯卧肩伸展等长收缩、弹力带前冲拳、前冲拳、三脚架支撑、指点练习
  • 运动控制:
    • 弹力带PNF模式;带阻力的PNF D1对角线提升;带阻力的对角向上、对角向下滑墙练习

注意事项

  • 禁止提重物(> 5公斤)
  • 避免对肩关节前囊产生应力的练习(即外展超过80度时的肩关节外旋)

进阶标准

  • 仰卧位主动关节活动度(AROM)屈曲 ≥ 140度
  • 仰卧位主动关节活动度(AROM)外展 ≥ 120度
  • 仰卧位肩胛平面内主动关节活动度(AROM)外旋 ≥ 60度
  • 仰卧位肩胛平面内主动关节活动度(AROM)内旋 ≥ 70度
  • 主动肩关节上举至120度,且代偿模式最小
  • 完成所有练习时表现出对称的肩胛骨力学机制
  • 疼痛评分 < 2/10

第五阶段——高级强化训练(第12–16周)

最终阶段旨在使肩部适应其所有预期用途:在更高位置建立力量和耐力,包括手臂抬高至90度时的旋转训练,以及将稳定性训练进展至过头位置。在满足所有里程碑标准并经主刀医生许可后,方可超出本方案(包括任何重返运动计划);对于运动员而言,决策应个体化,而非仅依据日历时间。

致您的物理治疗师:

目标

  • 维持无痛活动范围
  • 提高肩部力量和耐力
  • 增强上肢的功能性使用

管理

  • 继续执行第二至第四阶段的干预措施
  • 强化训练:
    • 肩袖肌群:90度外旋、90度内旋、弹力带站立位90度外旋、弹力带站立位90度内旋
    • 肩胛周围肌群:T字和Y字动作、“T”字练习、伸膝俯卧撑加号(push-up plus)、靠墙俯卧撑
  • 运动控制:
    • 将靠墙球类稳定训练进展至过头交替等长收缩/节律性稳定训练

进展标准

  • 获得医生许可,且所有里程碑标准均已满足
  • 维持无痛的被动活动范围(PROM)和主动活动范围(AROM)
  • 完成所有练习时,肩胛骨力学表现对称
  • QuickDASH和ASES结局评分

重返运动

  • 对于休闲或竞技运动员,重返运动的决策应个体化,并基于上肢负荷水平、对抗性或非对抗性运动、参与频率等因素。在进入重返运动康复计划之前,建议与转诊医生进行密切讨论。

术后方案

本方案与诊所的一般康复建议配合使用;请参阅术后疼痛管理伤口护理。关于手术本身,请参阅全肩关节置换术。本方案背后的证据,以及早期阶段为何能保护肩胛下肌修复,已在证据部分进行总结,可从本页顶部下载PDF版本。


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty — Post-operative Rehabilitation

Topic scope: Post-operative rehabilitation after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) for glenohumeral arthritis. (Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has a different rehab logic — see the reverse-shoulder-arthroplasty protocol; the early in-hospital phase of either is covered by the inpatient-shoulder-replacement protocol.)

Defining principle of this rehab — PROTECT THE SUBSCAPULARIS: to reach the joint in an anatomic TSA the surgeon usually takes down and then repairs the subscapularis (by tenotomy, peel, or a lesser-tuberosity osteotomy). That repair is the structure rehabilitation must protect. So the early plan is the mirror image of a frozen-shoulder release: external rotation is limited, and active/resisted internal rotation is delayed, to avoid pulling the subscapularis repair apart — while early passive forward elevation is encouraged so the shoulder does not stiffen. This subscapularis-protection logic is the key difference from reverse arthroplasty (which usually has no subscapularis repair to guard) and the reason aTSA rehab is more measured.


A. THE PROCEDURE (what is being protected)

Anatomic TSA resurfaces the arthritic joint with a metal humeral head and a plastic glenoid, restoring the normal ball-and-socket mechanics — which depends on an intact, balanced rotator cuff (the indication that distinguishes it from reverse arthroplasty). The subscapularis management is the rehab-defining variable:

  • Subscapularis tenotomy / peel with tendon-to-tendon or transosseous repair, or
  • Lesser-tuberosity osteotomy (LTO) — repaired bone-to-bone.

Either way, the repair governs the early external-rotation limit and the delay before active and resisted internal rotation. The specific ER ceiling and the IR-loading timeline are surgeon-set (they depend on repair quality and tissue) — the patient protocol follows the surgeon's chosen limits, and the phase table below reflects them.


B. POST-OPERATIVE PHASED TIMELINE (subscapularis-protective)

Consistent with the protocol's phases (Protection → Intermediate → Transitional → Advanced). Sling supports the arm; passive elevation early; ER capped and active/resisted IR withheld until the subscapularis has healed.

Phase Window Sling ROM Strengthening Notes
I — Protection Week 0–3 Full-time (off for hygiene + exercises) Passive elevation + gentle ER to the surgeon's limit only; pendulums; hand/elbow free None Protect subscapularis repair; no active shoulder motion; no behind-the-back / forced ER
II — Intermediate Week 4–6 Weaning Progress passive → active-assisted elevation; ER advanced within limit Scapular setting / isometrics as allowed Subscapularis still protected — no resisted internal rotation
III — Intermediate continued Week 7–8 Off Active ROM all planes progressing toward full Begin gentle cuff (incl. graded IR) + scapular work Subscapularis repair healing — IR loading introduced cautiously
IV — Transitional Week 9–11 Off Full active ROM goal Progressive resistance, low load → higher
V — Advanced strengthening Week 12–16 Off Full, incl. rotation at 90° abduction Advanced strength/endurance; overhead stability Return to sport/heavy use on surgeon clearance, individualised

C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Subscapularis management — tenotomy vs peel vs lesser-tuberosity osteotomy. Healing and functional-IR recovery drive the ER-restriction and IR-loading timeline; biomechanical and clinical data inform but do not settle the choice. Moderate (biomechanical + cohort).
  2. Early vs delayed / immobilisation — a single-blind RCT comparing early rehabilitation versus immobilisation after shoulder arthroplasty found broadly comparable outcomes, supporting a measured but not ultra-conservative early plan; subscapularis protection remains the governing constraint. Moderate (RCT).
  3. The phase timeline itself is consensus/expert (institutional protocols — MGH, BWH — and surgeon practice), not a defining rehab RCT. Phase weeks are typical, surgeon-adjustable. Weak/consensus.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE (RCT / biomechanical / cohort): early-rehab-vs-immobilisation after shoulder arthroplasty (RCT); subscapularis repair-technique biomechanics; durability/outcome of aTSA.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the specific subscapularis-protective phase structure and ER/IR restriction timings (institutional protocols + surgeon preference; no defining rehab RCT).
  • CONTEXT: the protocol's measured early phase is appropriately keyed to subscapularis healing rather than the calendar.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • A randomized single-blinded trial of early rehabilitation versus immobilization after shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.10.005
  • A biomechanical evaluation of three surgical techniques for subscapularis repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2007.04.016
  • Deltoid fatigue part 2: a longitudinal assessment of anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.07.019

Published rehab protocols (basis for the phase structure)

  • Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine. Rehabilitation Protocol for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Hemiarthroplasty (rev. Dec 2018). https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/orthopaedics/sports-medicine/physical-therapy/rehabilitation-protocol-for-total-shoulder-arthroplasty-and-hemi.pdf
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital. Total Shoulder Arthroplasty / Hemiarthroplasty Protocol. https://www.brighamandwomens.org/assets/bwh/patients-and-families/pdfs/shoulder---total-shoulder-arthroplasty-protocol.pdf

Note on the rehab evidence: there is no single defining RCT for the anatomic-TSA rehab protocol. The phase structure is the originating-institution / surgeon consensus, and the external-rotation ceiling and internal-rotation loading timeline are deliberately keyed to subscapularis repair healing — a surgeon-set, tissue-dependent decision. Treat phase weeks as typical, surgeon-adjustable defaults.

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