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尺侧腕伸肌腱病及尺侧腕伸肌弹响

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小指侧腕背示意图,显示尺侧腕伸肌(ECU)肌腱在尺骨沟内走行,疼痛区域在沟处标出。
尺侧腕伸肌(ECU)肌腱走行于腕部小指侧的浅沟内,并由其自身的腱鞘固定。疼痛可能源于肌腱本身受到刺激,或肌腱在沟内进出时发生弹响。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

这是手腕背侧小指侧的疼痛——如果您将手表佩戴得较低,表带最靠近的一侧。通常在您掌心向上并将手腕向小指方向弯曲时疼痛最为剧烈,这正是网球反手击球、高尔夫挥杆或拧干抹布时的动作。

该问题有两种类型,许多人同时存在这两种情况。

肌腱受刺激。 疼痛沿肌腱呈钝痛,有时可触及肿胀,并且当对抗阻力将手腕向后伸展时会感到疼痛。这种疼痛往往在反复使用中逐渐加重,而非由某一瞬间的动作引发。

肌腱滑出沟槽。 当您旋转前臂时,会出现明显的弹响、咔哒声或沉闷的撞击声——这通常是您可以自行演示的现象,并且往往是在特定事件(如球杆触地或强力反手击球)之后首次注意到。这种感觉可能令人不安,仿佛某处正在失效。

实际发生了什么

受累的肌腱是尺侧腕伸肌(extensor carpi ulnaris),通常简称为 ECU。它从您前臂的肌肉延伸,沿手腕的小指侧下行,位于桡骨远端(该侧的前臂骨)的一个浅沟内。一个小型的组织袖套(其自身的私密隧道)将其固定在该沟槽中。

该沟槽确实非常浅,平均深度仅约 1.5 毫米,因此袖套在维持肌腱位置方面起着主要作用。如果袖套撕裂或松弛——通常是由于手掌向上翻转且手腕弯曲时的强力扭转所致——肌腱可能会滑出沟槽并弹回原位。如果相反,肌腱及其包膜因反复负荷而受到刺激并增厚,则滑动时会感到疼痛,这即为肌腱病变(tendinopathy)的表现。

需要了解的一个重要事项,因为它会影响对检查结果的解释:一定程度的肌腱运动是完全正常的。当研究人员检查 755 名完全没有手腕症状的人时,约 1/15 的人存在 ECU 弹响,其中近一半的人在超声检查中可见肌腱明显脱离其沟槽——但无疼痛且无功能障碍。单独的弹响并不能证明存在异常。

我们能做什么

在罗克汉普顿 Mater 私人医院,Kieran Hirpara 博士的诊断主要基于体格检查,而非影像学扫描,以下解释其原因。

此处的影像学检查需要谨慎解读。 在一项针对 4,000 多例手腕 MRI 的研究中,拇短伸肌(ECU)肌腱的改变出现在约八分之一的扫描结果中,其中包括那些因其他完全无关的原因进行扫描的人群。如果您发现 MRI 上 ECU 肌腱外观异常,并询问该患者实际上出现 ECU 问题的频率,答案仅为约 6%。MRI 对于排除手腕该侧疼痛的其他原因(例如软骨撕裂)确实有用,但肌腱上的标记本身并不能作为确诊依据。超声检查通常更有帮助,因为我们可以在您重现弹响动作的同时,实时观察肌腱的运动情况。

大多数人无需手术即可好转。 治疗通常从调整诱发症状的活动开始,并佩戴夹板或石膏固定一段时间。对于从骨沟中滑脱的肌腱,固定位置至关重要:手腕通常保持前臂旋前(掌心向下)且手腕轻微背伸的位置,固定约四至六周,因为这是与导致肌腱滑脱的位置相反的姿态。

类固醇注射是治疗受刺激的肌腱型病变的合理下一步。在现有最佳研究中,13 名确诊患者均获得了一定程度的缓解,其中 10 人获得完全缓解,且无人最终需要手术——大多数患者在四至五年后仍感舒适。一个有用的早期信号是:如果首次注射能完全解决问题,这种效果往往能持久。如果仅部分有效,则更常遗留一些残余酸痛。

我们将注射次数限制在最多约三次,并且对于投掷类和拍类运动运动员更为谨慎,因为存在一种担忧——虽无数据证实,但有报道指出——该肌腱周围反复注射类固醇可能导致其最终撕裂。

手术仅保留给那些经过规范的夹板固定治疗(通常在约两个月时进行评估)后,不稳定性仍持续引起疼痛的患者。该手术旨在重建或加固将肌腱固定在骨沟内的腱鞘。存在多种技术,且均报告了良好的结果。

预期情况

非手术治疗后的恢复取决于症状的易激惹程度。轻度问题的运动员通常在两到三周内恢复;更严重的病例需要六到八周;而完全脱位并用石膏固定的病例,在回归网球等高强度运动前可能需要五到六个月。

手术后,预期需要在石膏或夹板中固定四到六周,前臂保持掌心向下,随后逐渐恢复活动度,约两个月开始强化训练,三到四个月进行专项运动训练。已发表的系列研究报告显示,患者通常在两到三个月半至三个半月恢复至之前的活动水平。

关于手术,有两个诚实的观点。首先,几乎所有已发表的系列研究都报道说弹响不会复发——但有一项后续扫描研究发现,约有一半的患者肌腱仍位于沟槽之外,尽管他们感觉良好且评分较高。换句话说,手术可靠地缓解了症状,但并不能总是将解剖结构完全恢复到原来的位置。其次,握力和活动度的改善很小;手术的目的是缓解疼痛和弹响,而不是为了增强手腕力量。

并发症并不常见,但确实存在:手腕背侧小皮神经受刺激导致的麻木或压痛点、僵硬,以及罕见的持续性疼痛综合征。

如果您的弹响不引起疼痛,可能不需要修复。 无痛性伸肌支持带下尺侧腕伸肌(ECU)弹响的患者通常仅通过贴扎和监测即可继续高水平运动。

何时就诊

如果小指侧腕部疼痛在减少诱发疼痛的活动数周后仍未缓解,或疼痛已影响您的运动或工作,请就诊全科医生。

如果前臂旋转时腕部出现疼痛性弹响或卡顿,疼痛由特定扭转伤引起,或您已尝试休息、夹板固定和注射治疗但未获持久疗效,请寻求手外科专家意见。

若腕部出现红、肿、热,或手部出现麻木或无力,或感到突然的“失力”并伴随立即的力量丧失——最后一种情况可能提示肌腱本身已撕裂——请立即就医。


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