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尺侧腕伸肌(ECU)腱病与尺侧腕伸肌腱弹响

一幅手绘插图,描绘了一个无面部特征的人正在打双手反手球,其中前导手腕的小指侧用红色高亮显示。
尺侧腕伸肌腱走行于腕部小指侧的浅沟内,由其自身的腱鞘固定。当手腕向小指侧偏斜(尺偏)且前臂旋转时,该肌腱会承受负荷——即此处所示的姿势——因此疼痛可能源于肌腱受到刺激,或源于肌腱在其沟槽内反复滑动进出。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您正在感受到的症状

这是手腕背侧小指侧的疼痛——如果您佩戴手表且位置较低,手表表带最靠近的那一侧。当您将手掌向上翻转并将手腕向小指方向弯曲时,疼痛通常最为剧烈,而这正是网球反手击球、高尔夫挥杆或拧干毛巾时发生的动作。

该问题有两种类型,许多人可能同时存在这两种情况。

肌腱炎症。 疼痛表现为沿肌腱的钝痛,有时伴有可触及的肿胀,且在抗阻伸腕时疼痛加剧。它往往在反复使用后数周内逐渐加重,而非在某一瞬间突然发生。

肌腱脱出其滑车沟。 在此情况下,当您旋转前臂时,会出现明显的弹响、咔哒声或撞击声——这通常是可以自行演示的,且往往是在特定事件(如球杆触地或强力反手击球)后首次注意到。它可能令人感到惊慌,仿佛有某种结构正在失效。

实际发生了什么

涉及的肌腱是尺侧腕伸肌,通常简称为 ECU。它从您前臂的肌肉延伸至手腕的小指侧,位于尺骨(该侧的前臂骨骼)末端的一个浅沟中。一层薄薄的组织袖套,即其自身的专属隧道,将其固定在该沟槽内。

该沟槽确实非常浅,平均深度仅约 1.5 毫米,因此袖套承担了大部分保持肌腱位置的工作。如果袖套撕裂或拉伸——通常是由手掌向上翻转且手腕弯曲时的强力扭转所致——肌腱可能会从沟槽中滑出并弹回。相反,如果肌腱及其衬里因反复负荷而发炎和增厚,滑动时会变得疼痛,这就是肌腱病版本。

有一个重要事实需要了解,因为它会影响测试结果的解读:一定程度的肌腱移动是完全正常的。当研究人员检查了 755 名没有任何手腕症状的人时,大约每 15 人中有 1 人存在 ECU 弹响,其中近一半的人在超声下可见肌腱明显脱离其沟槽——但没有疼痛,也没有问题。单独的弹响并不能证明有任何异常。

我们能做什么

在罗克汉普顿马特私立医院(Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton),Kieran Hirpara 医生主要依据体格检查而非影像学扫描来做出诊断,这一点值得解释一下原因。

在此处,扫描结果需要谨慎解读。 在一项针对 4,000 多例腕部 MRI 的研究中,约八分之一的扫描显示伸肌支持带(ECU)肌腱存在改变,其中包括那些因完全无关的其他原因进行扫描的人群。如果 MRI 上显示 ECU 形态异常,并询问该患者实际患有 ECU 相关问题的概率,答案仅为约 6%。MRI 确实有助于排除腕部该侧疼痛的其他原因——例如软骨撕裂——但肌腱上的标记本身并非答案。超声检查往往更有帮助,因为我们可以实时观察肌腱在您复现弹响时的运动情况。

大多数人无需手术即可好转。 治疗通常从调整诱发症状的活动以及使用夹板或石膏固定一段时间开始。对于从滑车中脱出的肌腱,固定位置至关重要:前臂通常保持掌心向下,腕关节略微背伸,持续约四到六周,因为这与导致肌腱脱出的位置相反。

皮质类固醇注射 是处理肌腱炎型病变的合理下一步措施。在现有最佳研究中,13 名确诊患者均获得一定程度的缓解,其中 10 名完全缓解,且无人最终需要手术——大多数患者在四到五年后仍感觉舒适。一个有用的早期信号:如果首次注射完全解决了问题,这种效果往往能持久。如果仅部分有效,则更常留下一些残余疼痛。

我们将注射次数限制在最多约三次,并且对投掷和球拍类运动运动员更为谨慎,因为存在一种担忧——虽无数据证实,但有报道——即在该肌腱周围反复使用皮质类固醇可能导致其最终撕裂。

手术 仅保留给那些在充分尝试石膏固定后,不稳定仍持续引起疼痛的患者,通常在约两个月时进行评估。手术旨在重建或加固保持肌腱位于滑车内的袖套。存在多种技术,且均报告了良好的效果。

预期情况

非手术途径的恢复取决于症状的严重程度。运动员若问题轻微,通常两到三周内即可恢复;较严重的病例需六到八周;而通过石膏固定的完全脱位病例,在重返网球等高要求运动前可能需要五到六个月。

手术后,预计需佩戴石膏或夹板四到六周,期间前臂保持掌心向下,随后逐渐恢复活动,约两个月开始进行强化训练,三到四个月进行运动专项训练。已发表的系列研究报告称,患者在约两个半月到三个半月时恢复至既往活动水平。

关于手术,有两点坦率的说明。首先,几乎所有已发表的系列研究均报告弹响不再出现——但唯一一项术后进行扫描的研究发现,约半数患者的肌腱仍停留在其沟槽之外,尽管他们感到满意且评分良好。换言之,手术能可靠地缓解症状,但并不总能将解剖结构完全恢复到原状。其次,握力和活动范围的改善幅度较小;手术旨在消除疼痛和弹响,而非增强手腕力量。

并发症不常见但确实存在:手腕背侧小皮神经受刺激引起的麻木或压痛点、僵硬,以及罕见的持续性疼痛综合征。

如果您的弹响不痛,可能无需处理。 患有无痛性伸肌总肌腱(ECU)弹响的人,通常仅通过贴扎和监测即可维持高水平表现。

何时就医

如果减轻引发疼痛的活动数周后,手腕小指侧的疼痛仍未缓解,或者疼痛已影响您的运动或工作,请咨询您的全科医生。

如果转动手臂时手腕出现疼痛性的弹响或咔哒声,如果疼痛是由特定的扭转伤引起,或者如果您已经尝试过休息、夹板固定和注射但未能获得持久疗效,请寻求手外科医生的意见。

如果手腕变得发热、发红和肿胀,如果手部出现麻木或无力,或者如果您感到突然的失力并立即丧失力量——最后一种情况可能表明肌腱本身已撕裂——请立即就医。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自行做出治疗决策所需的深度。尺侧腕伸肌问题值得额外阅读,因为通常用于确诊的两项发现——扫描上的异常信号以及手腕转动时肌腱弹响——在完全无症状的人群中也很常见。

此处异常的MRI意味着其实际临床意义低于表面所见

尺侧腕伸肌(ECU)肌腱走行于尺骨背侧、靠近小指侧腕部的骨沟内。当患者在该部位出现疼痛,且影像学报告提示该肌腱存在信号改变时,得出的结论看似显而易见。

数据对此提出了质疑。回顾4,301例腕部MRI发现,ECU信号改变十分常见,且常无症状,此类改变与有症状的肌腱病变的关联性较低,导致其阳性预测值较低 [1]。

“阳性预测值较低”是关键表述。这意味着在所有显示该影像学征象的腕部中,仅有少数患者的疼痛确实由该病变引起。单凭扫描结果无法确立诊断,其必须与确切位于该部位的压痛以及向正确方向进行抗阻运动时诱发的疼痛相一致。

且弹响在健康人群中十分常见

第二个确证体征是前臂旋转时,肌腱可见或可闻地滑出其腱鞘沟。在对755名无症状人群进行检查时,发现尺侧腕伸肌(ECU)弹响的患病率较高,使其单独作为病理标志物并不可靠 [2]。

实际解读为:若患者注意到弹响,且手腕在同一确切部位伴有疼痛,则具有临床意义。在检查其他部位疼痛的手腕时偶然发现的弹响,可能属于正常变异。

结合MRI检查结果,该模式具有一致性:该肌腱在普通手腕中会产生外观异常的结果。此处的诊断更依赖于各项发现之间的相关性,而非任何单一发现。

这一点至关重要,因为尺侧腕部存在多种可能的疼痛来源

伸指总肌腱(ECU)紧邻三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)、远端桡尺关节以及豌豆骨三角骨关节,这些结构均会在同一小区域内产生疼痛。将这种疼痛归因于外观异常的伸指总肌腱十分容易,且根据上述数据,这种归因往往频繁出错,这正是我们在将其视为致病主因之前必须谨慎的主要原因。

保守治疗是主要手段,且行之有效

若诊断明确,治疗手段并不复杂。结合保守措施与康复训练,可使患者症状消失,并恢复至期望的活动水平 [3]。

该肌腱的两种特定特征决定了康复方案。由于该肌腱在前臂旋转合并尺偏时承受负荷(如高尔夫挥杆、球拍击球或提起沉重平底锅时的姿势),此处的活动调整意味着改变负荷方向,而非单纯休息。此外,由于该肌腱位于一个可被拉伸或撕裂的腱鞘内,从而允许其发生半脱位,因此固定常采用前臂旋前伴腕关节伸展位,以便在腱鞘愈合期间将肌腱保持在腱沟内。

参考文献

[1] Kuntz MT, Janssen SJ, Ring D. 腕尺侧伸肌腱在MRI上的偶然信号改变。Hand (N Y). 2015;10(4):750-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11552-015-9764-9

[2] Erpala F, Ozturk T. 无症状人群中腕尺侧伸肌腱的“弹响”及其与慢性腕痛的关系。BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04271-z

[3] Zarro M, Goel R, Bickhart N, May CC, Abzug JM. 运动员的腕尺侧伸肌腱病:保守治疗的综述。Hand (N Y). 2022;19(3):407-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589447221127331


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b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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