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General & whole-body health

Cross-cutting topics that span more than one body region or apply to your general musculoskeletal health.

Conditions

了解您的影像检查（X光、超声、MRI、CT） What X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and CT each show, and why your surgeon chooses one over another. Open → 关节过度活动与埃勒斯-当洛综合征 Bendy joints that can slip or ache — the spectrum from benign hypermobility to hEDS, and why strengthening is the mainstay. Open → 口服类固醇、骨骼与愈合 How long-term steroid tablets affect bone, wound healing and surgery, and why they must never be stopped suddenly. Open → 合成代谢类固醇、睾酮与肌腱断裂风险 Anabolic steroids and testosterone are linked to a higher risk of tendon rupture, including the rotator cuff, biceps and quadriceps. How steroids and TRT affect tendons, joints, bone and recovery from surgery. Open → 复杂性区域疼痛综合征（CRPS） What CRPS is, why it sometimes follows a wrist or hand injury or operation, how it is recognised and treated, and what recovery looks like. Open → 手、腕和手指上的肿块和隆起 Found a lump on your hand, wrist or finger? The common causes and what they mean: ganglion cysts, fatty lumps (lipomas), giant cell tumours, mucous cysts and carpal bossing, and when to see someone. Open → 手、腕和肘部的痛风 Gout in the upper limb — what causes the attacks and lumps (tophi), how flares and high urate are treated, and when surgery is needed. Open → 手部和手臂的麻木与刺痛 What causes numbness, tingling or 'pins and needles' in the hand and arm — from carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel to other nerve problems — when it matters, and what helps. Open → 炎症性与类风湿性关节炎 Rheumatoid, psoriatic and gouty arthritis affecting the hand, wrist and upper limb — what they are, how they are managed, and when surgery helps. Open → 神经痛药物（加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林） How medicines like gabapentin and pregabalin settle nerve pain, why they are built up slowly, their side effects, and using them safely. Open → 糖尿病与上肢疾病 Why diabetes makes frozen shoulder, trigger finger, carpal tunnel syndrome and Dupuytren's more common, and how it affects healing and surgery. Open → 纤维肌痛 Widespread pain and fatigue from an over-sensitised nervous system — what it is, and why movement, sleep and pacing help most. Open → 绝经期的肌肉骨骼综合征 How the menopausal transition and oestrogen withdrawal drive joint, tendon and muscle symptoms — arthralgia, tendinopathy, frozen shoulder, greater trochanteric pain and myalgia — and the evidence on hormone therapy. Open → 酒精、骨骼与伤口愈合 How alcohol weakens bone and slows wound healing, its risks around surgery, and why cutting down before and after helps. Open → 银屑病关节炎 An inflammatory arthritis linked to psoriasis — sausage digits, nail changes and end-joint involvement — and why early treatment protects the joints. Open → 骨关节炎 The commonest arthritis — cartilage wear in the thumb base, fingers, wrist and shoulder — its symptoms, management ladder and outlook. Open → 骨折预防与脆性骨折 A wrist or shoulder broken in a simple fall is often the first sign of thinning bone — treating the bone and preventing the next fall. Open →

Treatments & Health Topics

伤口和疤痕的愈合过程 Open → 体重、肥胖与关节健康 How body weight and obesity affect joint load, osteoarthritis, and the risks and outcomes of joint surgery — including the role of weight loss before an operation. Open → 保持活跃以促进关节健康 Why physical activity protects joints and tendons, how exercise helps osteoarthritis and recovery, and how to stay active safely. Open → 吸烟与骨骼肌肉愈合 How smoking and nicotine affect bone healing, fracture union, spinal fusion, tendon and wound healing, and surgical complications — and the benefits of stopping before surgery. Open → 大麻与CBD用于疼痛 What the evidence does and doesn't show for cannabis and CBD in musculoskeletal pain, and practical and safety considerations. Open → 富血小板血浆（PRP）及注射疗法 What the evidence shows for platelet-rich plasma and related injection therapies in tendinopathy, osteoarthritis and rotator cuff disease — where they help and where the data is weak. Open → 干细胞与再生注射 What stem-cell and bone-marrow-derived injections claim to do for joints and tendons, what the evidence actually shows, and the safety and regulatory caveats. Open → 支具、夹板和护具 When braces, splints and supports help upper-limb conditions, the main types, how to use them, and what the evidence shows for sprains, tendon problems, arthritis and after surgery. Open → 术后疼痛与阿片类药物的管理 How pain is managed after upper-limb surgery — multimodal pain relief, the role and risks of opioids, nerve blocks, and using the least medication needed. Open → 疼痛是如何产生的 Open → 皮质类固醇和糖皮质激素注射 What cortisone injections do, when they help, how long the effect lasts, and the risks of repeated injections for shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand conditions. Open → 神经测试与传导研究 What nerve conduction studies and EMG are, why they are done for carpal tunnel and other nerve problems, what to expect, and how accurate they are. Open → 神经的工作原理与愈合 How nerves carry signals, sense the world, and heal after injury — in plain English, with an in-depth section. Open → 维生素D与肌肉骨骼健康 How vitamin D affects bone, muscle strength, falls, fracture and tendon healing, and surgical outcomes — including who benefits from supplementation. Open → 肌肉如何工作以及如何愈合 Open → 肌腱的工作原理与愈合 Open → 肽疗法在肌肉骨骼医学中的应用 Injectable and regenerative peptide therapies in orthopaedics and sports medicine — what the evidence shows for tendon, cartilage and bone healing, and where the hype outpaces the data. Open → 软骨的工作原理（以及为何难以愈合） Open → 韧带如何工作以及愈合 Open → 骨骼健康与骨质疏松症 How bone strength affects fractures, fixation and recovery — bone density, fragility fractures, and what helps keep bones strong (lifestyle, supplements and medications). Open → 骨骼如何愈合与重塑 Open → 骨骼肌肉健康的营养补充剂 Evidence on dietary supplements for joint, muscle and bone health — protein and amino acids, creatine, collagen peptides, glucosamine and chondroitin, and omega-3 — including perioperative recovery and osteoarthritis. Open →

Medications

GLP-1 药物（Ozempic、Wegovy）与您的手术 If you take a GLP-1 medication (such as semaglutide — Ozempic or Wegovy) and you are having an operation: what these drugs do, why they matter for your anaesthetic (delayed stomach emptying and aspiration risk), and what you should do before surgery. Open →

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