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尺侧腕痛与尺骨撞击

Pain on the little-finger side of the wrist from the ulna grinding against the wrist bones, and how shortening it relieves the pressure.

腕部小指侧三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)的解剖结构。
三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)及腕尺侧(小指侧)—— 是尺侧腕痛的常见来源。 Elatmani s / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的症状

手腕小指侧(尺侧)的疼痛非常常见,且可能有多种病因。本页重点介绍其中最重要的机械性病因:一种称为尺骨撞击(又称尺腕关节撞击)的疾病。

疼痛通常位于手腕外侧边缘的深部,靠近手背。当用力抓握、旋转前臂或将手腕向小指方向弯曲时,疼痛往往会加剧,因此开罐、拧钥匙、使用螺丝刀、拧干抹布或用手支撑身体从椅子上起身等日常动作都可能诱发疼痛。许多人在特定动作时还会注意到手腕处有咔哒声或钝响,且在一天高强度使用后手腕会感到酸痛。通过手腕承重(如做平板支撑、俯卧撑或推沉重的门)是典型的加重因素。

这种情况通常是逐渐发展的,而非由单次损伤引起,尽管它也可能发生在腕部骨折之后。

实际发生了什么

前臂有两根骨骼延伸至腕部:桡骨(拇指侧)和尺骨(小指侧)。为了使腕部活动顺畅,这两根骨骼的末端应大致处于同一水平。在尺骨撞击综合征中,尺骨相对于桡骨过长,医生将这种情况称为尺骨正变异。

有些人天生尺骨略长。而在另一些人中,这种情况是后来发展的:最常见于手腕骨折愈合后略微缩短,导致桡骨比原来稍短,而尺骨实际上显得突出。

无论原因如何,那一点额外的长度意味着每次对腕部施加负荷时,尺骨末端都会与其相邻的小腕骨(月骨和三角骨)发生摩擦。在这些骨骼之间有一层称为三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)的软骨垫,起到减震器的作用。反复的撞击会慢慢磨蚀这层软骨垫,可能导致TFCC撕裂,并随时间推移使下方的骨骼出现挫伤,甚至形成小囊肿。这种磨损过程正是导致疼痛、弹响感以及抓握和扭转时舒适度下降的原因。(我们有一个关于TFCC损伤的独立页面,这种情况常与该病同时发生。)

我们如何处理该问题

Kieran Hirpara 医生领导 Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton 的上肢服务团队,我们通过明确的治疗路径管理尺侧腕痛。患者通常由其全科医生(GP)转诊至我们的诊所;如果物理治疗师建议您就诊,您仍需获得全科医生的转诊才能符合 Medicare 报销资格。我们首先进行全面评估以确诊,对于长期存在的问题,我们总是先尝试非手术治疗,然后再考虑手术。

好消息是,大多数人通过非手术治疗即可康复,而这始终是我们的首选。

缓解症状。 最初的步骤很简单:暂时调整对尺侧腕施加负荷的活动(特别是重度抓握、扭转和负重),佩戴腕部支具以让关节休息,并使用抗炎药物以缓解疼痛和肿胀。有时,向关节内注射类固醇有助于打破炎症循环。

确诊。 在治疗的同时,我们通常会拍摄X 光片以精确测量两根骨骼的对位情况(有时使用特殊的“握拳”视图以夸大撞击情况),并经常进行MRI 检查以观察软骨、三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)及下方的骨骼。偶尔,会使用关节镜(关节镜手术)在关节内进行微创检查,以确认病情并同时进行治疗。

如果症状持续。 当良好的非手术治疗未能缓解症状时,手术的目标是减轻腕部尺侧的压力。最成熟的选择是尺骨短缩截骨术,外科医生会切除尺骨的一小部分以恢复其正确长度,并在愈合期间用小型钢板固定。在特定病例中,一种侵入性较小的替代方案是关节镜下的“薄片”切除术(wafer procedure),通过微创手术在尺骨末端磨除少量骨质。这两种方法都是通过阻止骨骼与腕部摩擦来发挥作用。

预期情况

对于大多数人来说,尺骨撞击症是一个我们能够控制的问题。非手术措施可以解决大部分病例,一旦关节不再反复承受过载,症状便会缓解。

当需要手术时,尺骨短缩术是一种可靠的手术。对患者进行多年随访的研究报告称,该手术能带来良好且持久的疼痛缓解,患者满意度高。骨骼需要时间愈合,因此在截骨处愈合期间,需要在夹板或石膏中度过数周的恢复期,随后逐渐恢复抓握和负重功能。需要知晓的主要事项是:骨骼偶尔会比预期花费更长时间来愈合;此外,小型钢板有时可在皮下被触及,并在一切愈合后偶尔会被取出。总体而言,绝大多数患者都能恢复日常活动,且疼痛得到解决。

何时就医

  • 尺侧腕部疼痛持续数周不缓解,或在抓握和扭转动作时反复出现。
  • 既往腕部骨折后出现的疼痛,尤其是自骨折后腕部始终感觉不适的情况。
  • 小指侧腕部出现持续的弹响、撞击感或卡顿感,特别是在负重时。
  • 疼痛已影响工作或日常活动。此时值得深入探究其病因及可采取的治疗措施。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您自身治疗决策所需的范围。尺侧腕部疼痛值得额外阅读,因为它是一个部位而非诊断,多个不同的问题共享同一小区域,并且对于其中最常见的情况,较新且较小的手术目前比传统手术具有更好的并发症数据。

为何腕部这一区域难以处理

在几厘米的范围内,聚集着三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)、远端桡尺关节、尺侧腕伸肌腱及其腱鞘、豌豆骨三角骨关节、月骨三角骨韧带,以及尺骨与腕骨相接的部位。每一处结构均可能在同一位置引发疼痛;多种结构在无症状人群中常于影像学检查中显示异常;且一次可涉及多个结构。

正因如此,该区域的评估比其他腕部区域更依赖于精确定位和激发试验;因此,扫描报告提示多个结构异常是一种常见且无助于诊断的结果。这也是为何较少见的病因(例如中腕撞击)偶尔被描述为被忽视的致病因素 [1]。

尺骨撞击:机械问题的机械性解决方案

最常见的结构性病因是尺骨撞击,即尺骨相对于桡骨略长,导致腕骨在握持及前臂旋前(掌心向下)时撞击尺骨远端。长期作用下,这会磨损三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)及其相邻骨骼的软骨。

治疗旨在缩短尺骨,方法包括截骨缩短尺骨干,或从其远端切除一块薄片骨(wafer),后者可通过关节镜完成。汇总 956 例患者的数据显示,关节镜下及开放入路的薄片切除术 可能是更常用的尺骨短缩截骨术的可行替代方案,但截至当时尚未确立其临床优势 [2]。

较新的数据提供了进一步的证据。在 311 例患者中比较关节镜下薄片切除术与尺骨短缩截骨术,两种方法均有效,但 薄片切除组并发症更少,再手术率更低,作者据此认为该方法可能是更优的替代方案 [3]。

截骨术为何会累积并发症

原因并非手术操作不当。缩短骨干需要截断骨骼,在愈合期间用钢板固定,并接受其可能无法愈合的风险。一项针对 1,423 名患者的汇总研究专门考察了骨不连情况,发现 横向截骨与斜向截骨之间无差异,并据此得出结论,因此不应基于骨不连风险在这两种术式之间做出选择 [4]。

薄片切除术通过从骨端而非骨干中部切除骨骼,完全避免了此类问题。没有需要愈合的骨折,通常也无需日后取出钢板,这正是再手术率差异的来源。

其权衡之处在于,薄片切除术切除的骨量有限,且要求远端桡尺关节完好无损。因此,当需要更多矫正或该关节也受累时,缩短骨干仍然是必要的。

对患者的实际影响

由于可能有多个结构参与其中,如果治疗针对了错误的结构,无论操作多么精准,都将无效。正是在这一区域,诊断性注射、针对性影像学检查以及偶尔的关节镜检查在做出决策前具有其存在的价值;并且在计划手术之前,应得出明确的诊断,而非仅仅停留在“尺侧腕痛”这一笼统描述上。

参考文献

[1] Kyriacou S, Tahmassebi R. 中腕关节撞击综合征作为尺侧腕痛罕见病因的综述. J Hand Surg Am. 2024;49(10):1027-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.07.016

[2] Stockton DJ, Pelletier M, Pike JM. 尺侧撞击综合征的手术治疗:系统综述. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;40(5):470-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193414541749

[3] Shi H, Huang Y, Shen Y, Wu K, Zhang Z, Li Q. 腕关节镜下薄片切除术与尺骨短缩截骨术治疗尺侧撞击综合征:系统综述与荟萃分析. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-04611-4

[4] Owens J, Compton J, Day M, Glass N, Lawler E. 尺骨短缩截骨术治疗尺侧撞击综合征的非愈合率:系统综述. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(7):612.e1-612.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.08.018


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