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尺侧腕痛与尺侧撞击综合征

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Pain on the little-finger side of the wrist from the ulna grinding against the wrist bones, and how shortening it relieves the pressure.

腕关节小指侧三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)的解剖结构。
三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)及腕关节的尺侧(小指侧)——这是尺侧腕痛的常见来源。 Elatmani s / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

手腕小指侧(尺侧)疼痛非常常见,其可能原因有多种。本页介绍的是其中最重要的机械性原因:一种称为尺骨撞击(亦称尺腕撞击综合征)的疾病。

疼痛往往位于手腕外侧深处,偏向手背方向。当您用力握紧、旋转前臂或将手腕向小指方向弯曲时,疼痛通常会加重。因此,日常活动如拧开瓶盖、转动钥匙、使用螺丝刀、拧干抹布,或用手掌支撑从椅子上起身等动作,都可能诱发疼痛。许多人还注意到在特定动作下手腕会出现咔哒声或沉闷的撞击感,且在一天重体力使用后手腕会感到酸痛。通过手腕承重(如做平板支撑、俯卧撑或推重物门)是典型的加重因素。

这种疼痛通常是逐渐累积形成的,而非由单一损伤突然引发,尽管它也可能继发于腕部骨折。

实际发生了什么

两根前臂骨延伸至腕部:桡骨(拇指侧)和尺骨(小指侧)。为了使腕关节功能顺畅,这两块骨的末端应大致处于同一水平面。在尺骨撞击综合征中,与桡骨相比,尺骨相对过长,医生将这种情况称为尺骨正向变异

有些人天生尺骨略长。而在其他人中,这种情况后来才出现:最常见的原因是腕部骨折愈合后略微缩短,导致桡骨比原来稍短,而尺骨相对显得过长。

无论原因如何,这额外的长度意味着每次腕部受力时,尺骨末端都会与其相邻的小腕骨(月骨和三角骨)发生摩擦。在这些骨头之间,有一块称为TFCC(三角纤维软骨复合体)的软骨垫,起到减震作用。反复的撞击会逐渐磨损这个垫子,撕裂TFCC,并在随后的时间里导致其下方的骨头出现挫伤甚至形成小囊肿。这种磨损过程就是产生疼痛、弹响以及抓握和旋转时不适感的原因。(我们有一篇关于TFCC损伤的独立页面,这种情况通常与该病并发。)

我们能做什么

好消息是,大多数患者通过非手术治疗即可缓解,而这始终是我们的首选起点。

控制炎症。 第一步措施很简单:暂时调整增加尺侧腕部负荷的活动(尤其是用力抓握、旋转和负重),佩戴腕部支具以让关节休息,并使用抗炎药物来缓解疼痛和肿胀。有时,向关节内注射类固醇有助于打破炎症循环。

确诊。 在治疗的同时,我们通常拍摄X线片以精确测量两根骨骼的对位情况(有时会采用特殊的“握持”位X线片以加重撞击表现),并常进行MRI(磁共振成像)检查以观察软骨、三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)及其下方的骨质。偶尔会使用关节镜(关节镜检查)进入关节内部以确认病情并同时进行治疗。

若症状持续。 当良好的非手术治疗未能缓解症状时,手术的目的是减轻尺侧腕部的压力。最成熟的选择是尺骨缩短截骨术,即由外科医生切除一小段尺骨,使其恢复至正确长度,并在愈合过程中使用小型接骨板固定。在部分病例中,一种侵入性较小的替代方案是关节镜下的“锉平”手术(wafer procedure),即通过关节镜技术从尺骨远端磨除少量骨质。这两种方法均通过阻止骨骼与腕部发生研磨性摩擦来发挥作用。

预期情况

对大多数人而言,尺骨撞击综合征是我们能够有效控制的疾病。 非手术治疗可解决大部分病例,一旦关节不再承受反复的过度负荷,症状便会缓解。

当需要手术时,尺骨缩短术是一项可靠的手术,长期随访患者的研究报告了良好且持久的疼痛缓解以及较高的满意度。骨骼需要时间愈合,因此存在数周的恢复期,期间需佩戴夹板或石膏,直至截骨处愈合,随后逐步恢复抓握和负重。需要关注的主要事项是:骨骼偶尔会比预期需要更长时间才能愈合,且小钢板有时可在皮下触及,并在所有结构愈合后偶尔被取出。总体而言,绝大多数患者在疼痛消除后能够恢复日常活动。

何时就医

  • 尺侧腕部疼痛持续数周不缓解,或在抓握和旋转时反复发作,值得进行评估。
  • 既往腕部骨折后出现的疼痛,尤其是自骨折后腕部一直感觉不适。
  • 腕部小指侧持续出现弹响、撞击感或卡顿,尤其在负重时明显。
  • 疼痛已影响您的工作或日常活动。此时值得进一步查明病因并探讨治疗方案。

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