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手部和手臂的麻木与刺痛

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What causes numbness, tingling or 'pins and needles' in the hand and arm — from carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel to other nerve problems — when it matters, and what helps.

Updated Aug 2026
一只指尖带有针刺感点状标记的手。
麻木或刺痛通常提示神经受压或卡压；其分布模式有助于定位问题所在。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能会注意到手部和手臂出现麻木或刺痛感。这通常是由于神经受到挤压或刺激所致。最常见的原因是正中神经卡压性神经病。这意味着您前臂的主要神经受到了压迫。您可能会感到针刺感或感觉丧失。

疼痛通常遵循一定的模式。它可能在夜间发作，将您从睡眠中惊醒。在从事打字或提举等手部活动后，您可能也会感到疼痛。向后伸手扣内衣搭扣可能会变得困难。将衬衫塞进裤子里可能会感觉别扭或疼痛。您的外科医生会寻找这些体征以了解您的病情。

有时，症状会在其他手术后出现。例如，颈部手术（前路颈椎间盘切除融合术）或肩部手术后可能会出现麻木。如果您接受了肩部手术，您的症状可能仅通过休息或药物无法得到改善。在这些情况下，手术减压可帮助近 90% 的患者缓解症状。

如果您以前有过尺神经问题，您的风险可能会更高。尺神经从颈部延伸至小指。如果该处有过病变，您患腕管综合征的机会会增加，尤其是在最初两年内。随着肘部尺神经肿胀加重，神经本身会变宽。

您可能会在日常手工技能方面遇到困难。简单的任务，如扣衬衫纽扣或拿杯子，可能会显得笨拙。这是因为您的位置觉和触觉受到影响。您的护理团队将评估这些感觉，以帮助您恢复力量。了解这些症状有助于您的外科医生为您的康复选择正确的路径。

实际发生了什么

手部和手臂的麻木和刺痛通常源于神经受压。这被称为神经卡压性神经病。它并非单一问题，而涵盖一系列状况，例如正中神经在 forearm（前臂）受压导致的旋前综合征。您的外科医生会综合评估整体情况，以帮助您康复。

有时，症状在治疗后会复发。很难判断是神经压迫复发，还是从未完全消退。这使得在不同诊所或技术之间比较结果变得困难。为了帮助您的外科医生做出最佳选择，我们通常使用额外的检查。这些检查包括电生理检查（EDS）和超声（US）。这些检查评估神经的功能状态并观察其形态。

当出现轻度至中度症状时，您的体征和症状可能与这些检查结果不一致。事实上，存在显著差异。临床体征提示轻度至中度腕管综合征的可能性为 73%，但检查结果仅显示 51% 的可能性。这种差距使得仅凭症状难以 100% 确定诊断。这就是为什么您的外科医生可能会开具这些额外检查，以在制定治疗方案之前确认问题所在。

您的病史也很重要。如果您过去有尺神经问题，您患腕管综合征的风险较高。这种风险在既往损伤后的前两年内最高。随着尺神经损伤加重，神经本身在肘部会变大并肿胀。

麻木也可能发生在远离手部的手术之后。例如，它可能在颈部手术（前路颈椎间盘切除融合术）或肩部手术后发生。如果保守治疗对肩部相关的神经痛无效，手术减压可能非常有效。在许多患者中，它可实现近 90% 的症状缓解。

康复不仅仅是修复神经。您需要重新训练您的感觉。您的外科医生或治疗师将检查您的触觉和位置觉，以帮助您恢复手部技能。他们还会评估这如何影响您的日常生活和生活质量。

预期情况

您的症状可能会时好时坏，也可能保持不变。这取决于受累的具体神经以及神经受压的原因。例如，手部麻木可能发生在颈部手术或肩部手术后。如果症状出现在肩部手术后，仅靠休息或物理治疗通常无法缓解这些症状。

如果您患有轻至中度腕管综合征，您的外科医生会评估您的体征和症状。然而，这些体征并不总是与检查结果相符。约 73% 有轻度症状的人根据其主观感受似乎患有该病。但只有 51% 的人在神经测试或超声检查中实际显示出该病。这种差异意味着您的外科医生在推荐手术之前可能会使用额外的检查来确诊。如果这些检查证实了问题，手术更有可能带来改善。

如果您患有肘部尺神经问题，神经可能会肿胀。问题越严重，神经肿胀越明显。如果您过去有尺神经问题，您患腕管综合征的风险更高，尤其是在前两年内。

当需要在肩部手术后进行手术以解除受压神经时，总体预后通常良好。近 90% 的患者症状完全消失。这意味着一旦愈合，您很可能可以恢复正常的日常活动和精细手工技能。

如果不治疗该疾病，症状可能会持续存在。康复有助于您恢复手部的感觉和位置觉。这对于完成精细运动任务至关重要。您的外科医生还会考虑这对您整体生活质量的影响。目标是减轻对神经的压力，使您再次恢复正常感觉。

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy encompasses a spectrum of conditions, including pronator syndrome, which requires consolidated knowledge to improve patient outcomes [1].
  • Clear definitions distinguishing recurrence from persistent compression neuropathy are necessary to enable comparison of results across different techniques and clinics [2].
  • Agreements on supplementary diagnostics and standardized outcome measurements are needed for upper extremity revision nerve compression surgery [2].
  • Diagnosis of mild-to-moderate idiopathic median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel based on signs and symptoms is discordant from diagnosis based on electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) and ultrasound (US) [3].
  • There is severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus EDS and US (51%) [12].
  • This discordance calls into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical presentation alone [12].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as EDS or US may increase the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Upper-extremity neuropathy can develop following nonupper extremity surgeries, particularly anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) [4].
  • Neuropathy symptoms following shoulder surgery were often refractory to conservative management [6].
  • Surgical decompression for neuropathy following shoulder surgery led to nearly 90% symptom resolution [6].
  • Patients with a history of ulnar nerve lesions are at a significantly increased risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome, especially within the first 2 years [7].
  • As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow [8].
  • Assessment of position and tactile sensations is important in determining participation in manual skills during neuropathy rehabilitation [5].
  • Quality of life domains are impacted by distal radius fracture and ulnar neuropathy, with contextual factors influencing these implications [9].

Background & Causes

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy includes pronator syndrome [1].
  • The anconeus epitrochlearis muscle's contribution to compression neuropathy or protection of the ulnar nerve could not be discerned for the standard population [19].
  • A bifid median nerve can cause entrapment by forearm musculature [10].
  • The pectoralis minor's unique asymmetric neurologic innervation predisposes the human shoulder to neurologic and musculoskeletal imbalance, producing the Human Disharmony Loop syndrome [18].
  • Double entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist may represent double crush syndrome [13].

Symptoms & Presentation

  • There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%) [12].
  • If double crush syndrome is suspected but symptoms are mild, they may respond to conservative treatment [13].
  • Assessment of position and tactile sensations is relevant for determining participation in manual skills in patients with upper extremity neuropathy [5].
  • Assessing quality of life domains provides insight into the implications of contextual factors on quality of life for patients with distal radius fracture and ulnar neuropathy [9].

Management

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy reviews aim to consolidate existing knowledge to improve patient outcomes [1].
  • Clear definitions of recurrence versus persistent compression neuropathy are needed to enable comparison of results from different techniques and clinics [2].
  • Agreements on supplementary diagnostics and standardized outcome measurements are required for comparing results across different techniques and clinics [2].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) or ultrasound (US) can increase the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Assessment of position and tactile sensations should not be ignored in determining participation in manual skills during neuropathy rehabilitation [5].
  • Surgical decompression led to nearly 90% symptom resolution for neuropathy following shoulder surgery [6].
  • Assessing quality of life (QoL) domains for upper extremity conditions provides insight into the implications of contextual factors on QoL [9].
  • Surgeons should bear anomalies such as bifid median nerve entrapment by forearm musculature in mind when assessing patients with symptoms of median nerve compression [10].
  • Hand abduction tracings are a quantitative outcome measure to follow recovery over time for intrinsic hand function and can be used in patients with severe ulnar neuropathy following surgical intervention [11].
  • In cases of suspected double crush syndrome, invasive treatments should be initiated preferentially at sites with greater clinical suspicion [13].
  • Decompressing the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve caused by heterotopic ossification allowed for spontaneous nerve recovery and reinnervation of ulnar nerve-innervated intrinsic muscles [14].
  • More than 50% of patients who did not undergo carpal tunnel release at the initial surgery for perilunate injuries required a release within the follow-up period [15].
  • Anterior interosseous nerve transfer, along with cubital and ulnar tunnel release, results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in patients with severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [16].
  • Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release encourages adoption as a standard treatment for severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [16].
  • Sensory interventions on motor function, activities of daily living, and spasticity of the upper limb in people with stroke are inexpensive, noninvasive, and easy to perform [17].
  • Sensory interventions can be easily implemented into conventional therapy practice in any setting [17].

Key Considerations

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy encompasses a spectrum of conditions, including pronator syndrome [1].
  • Agreements on supplementary diagnostics and standardized outcome measurements are required for comparing results from different techniques and clinics in upper extremity revision nerve compression surgery [2].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as EDS or US increases the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • The severe discordance between clinical prevalence estimates (73%) and EDS/US prevalence estimates (51%) calls into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome [12].
  • Hand abduction tracings serve as a quantitative outcome measure to follow recovery over time for intrinsic hand function in patients with severe ulnar neuropathy following surgical intervention [11].
  • Decompression of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve caused by heterotopic ossification allowed for spontaneous nerve recovery and reinnervation of ulnar nerve-innervated intrinsic muscles [14].
  • More than 50% of patients with perilunate injuries who did not undergo carpal tunnel release at initial surgery required a release within the follow-up period [15].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] By reviewing the current literature within the spectrum of median nerve entrapment neuropathies, this review aimed to enhance and summarize the current understanding by consolidating the existing knowledge for improved patient outcomes. [1] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.10.001)
  • [L5] The authors emphasize the need for clear definitions of recurrence versus persistent compression neuropathy, agreements on supplementary diagnostics, and standardized outcome measurements to enable comparing results from different techniques and clinics. [2] (10.1177/17531934241311822)
  • [L3] When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as EDS or US, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery. [3] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002751)
  • [L3] Upper-extremity neuropathy can develop following nonupper extremity surgeries, particularly ACDF. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100972)
  • [L3] In neuropathy rehabilitation, the assessment of position and tactile sensations should not be ignored in determining participation in manual skills. [5] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.12.005)
  • [L4] Neuropathy symptoms were often refractory to conservative management, while surgical decompression led to nearly 90% symptom resolution. [6] (10.1016/j.jseint.2024.05.011)
  • [L2] Patients with a history of ulnar nerve lesions are at a significantly increased risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome, especially within the first 2 years. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100970)
  • [L2] As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the CSA of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004)
  • [L3] Assessing QoL domains for two upper extremity conditions with different contextual factors provides insight into the implications of those factors on QoL. [9] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.11.006)
  • [L5] We encourage surgeons to bear such anomalies in mind when assessing patients with symptoms of median nerve compression. [10] (10.1177/17531934251401431)
  • [L4] Hand abduction tracings are a quantitative outcome measure to follow recovery over time for intrinsic hand function and can be used in patients with severe ulnar neuropathy following surgical intervention. [11] (10.1016/j.jht.2023.09.005)
  • [L5] There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%), calling into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate CTS. [12] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002822)
  • [L4] If double crush syndrome is suspected but symptoms are mild, they may respond to conservative treatment, while invasive treatments should be initiated preferentially at sites with greater clinical suspicion. [13] (10.1186/s12891-024-07574-z)
  • [L4] Decompressing the patient's deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve allowed for spontaneous nerve recovery and reinnervation of his ulnar nerve innervated intrinsic muscles. [14] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.02.001)
  • [L3] More than 50% of patients who did not undergo carpal tunnel release at the initial surgery required a release within the follow-up period. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.09.003)
  • [L4] Anterior interosseous nerve transfer, along with cubital and ulnar tunnel release, results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in patients with severe chronic ulnar nerve compression, which encourages its adoption as a standard treatment for severe chronic ulnar nerve compression. [16] (10.1177/17531934251381023)
  • [L2] These interventions are inexpensive, noninvasive, and easy to perform, so can be easily implemented into conventional therapy practice in any setting. [17] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.08.051)
  • [L4] The unique asymmetric neurologic innervation to the pectoralis minor predisposes the human shoulder to neurologic and musculoskeletal imbalance, producing the Human Disharmony Loop syndrome. [18] (10.3390/jcm14051769)
  • [L3] The contribution of the anconeus epitrochlearis to compression neuropathy or protection of the ulnar nerve could not be discerned for the standard population. [19] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.09.039)

References

[1] Median nerve entrapment neuropathy: a review on the pronator syndrome. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.10.001

[2] Re: van der Heijden EPA, Dailiana ZH, Giele HP. State of the art review. Upper extremity revision nerve compression surgery. J Hand Surg Eur. 2024, 49: 687–97. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241311822

[3] Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002751

[4] Incidence of Median and Ulnar Neuropathy Following Nonupper Extremity Surgery. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100972

[5] The effect of wrist position sense and tactile recognition on manual skills in patients with upper extremity neuropathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.12.005

[6] The incidence and decompression rates of median and ulnar neuropathies following shoulder surgery. JSES International. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2024.05.011

[7] Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome After the Diagnosis of Ulnar Neuropathy. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100970

[8] Association of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in Patients Evaluated for Ulnar Neuropathy. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004

[9] A retrospective analysis of quality of life domains impacted by distal radius fracture and ulnar neuropathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.11.006

[10] Bifid median nerve entrapment by forearm musculature – a case report and systematic literature review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251401431

[11] The hand diagram: A novel outcome measure following supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfer in severe compressive ulnar neuropathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2023.09.005

[12] CORR Insights®: Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002822

[13] Double entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow and the wrist : double crush syndrome?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07574-z

[14] Posttraumatic Compressive Neuropathy of the Deep Motor Branch of the Ulnar Nerve Caused by Heterotopic Ossification. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.02.001

[15] Predicting Acute Median Neuropathy in Perilunate Injuries. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.09.003

[16] Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release for severe ulnar nerve compression. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251381023

[17] CRITICAL APPRAISAL PAPER: “SENSORY INTERVENTIONS ON MOTOR FUNCTION, ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING, AND SPASTICITY OF THE UPPER LIMB IN PEOPLE WITH STROKE: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL”. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.08.051

[18] The Human Disharmony Loop: A Case Series Proposing the Unique Role of the Pectoralis Minor in a Unifying Syndrome of Chronic Pain, Neuropathy, and Weakness. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14051769

[19] Is the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle a predictor for ulnar nerve compression?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.09.039

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6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.