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手术前后的抗凝药物

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How anticoagulants and antiplatelets work, and why the timing of stopping each before surgery differs — platelet turnover, half-lives and clot risk.

血栓示意图——红细胞被纤维蛋白丝网包裹,围绕在血小板聚集体周围。
血栓是由血小板聚集而成,并由纤维蛋白丝构成的网状结构加固——这是抗凝药物旨在阻断的过程。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

“抗凝药”涵盖两类作用机制完全不同的药物,而正是这种差异决定了某些药物需要在手术前一周停用,而另一些药物仅需停用一两天。了解您所服用的药物种类及其具体作用机制,将使您收到的用药指导不再令人困惑。

首先,血液究竟是如何凝固的?

要理解不同类型的抗凝药物,了解血液在正常情况下如何封闭渗漏很有帮助,因为每种药物都会干扰不同的步骤。

当血管被切断或受损时,身体会通过两个阶段将其封堵:

  1. 血小板形成栓子:快速的急救者。 血小板是血液中循环的微小细胞碎片,在未被需要时处于静止状态。一旦它们接触到受损的血管壁,就会立即变得粘附,堆积在损伤处并聚集在一起,在数秒至数分钟内形成柔软的临时栓子。这可以看作是身体的紧急补丁。

  2. 凝血级联反应使栓子固化。 仅靠血小板栓子本身是脆弱的。为了加强它,血液会启动一个称为凝血级联反应的连锁反应。这是一系列称为凝血因子的蛋白质(大多数由肝脏制造,其中几种需要维生素 K),它们像多米诺骨牌一样依次激活彼此。级联反应的最终步骤是将一种称为纤维蛋白原的蛋白质转化为纤维蛋白,这是一种由细丝组成的网状结构,穿插在血小板栓子中并将其锁定为坚实、稳定的血凝块。

因此,形成的血凝块实际上是由纤维蛋白网结合的血小板。当它封闭伤口时,这正是你所期望的;但如果同样的过程在动脉或静脉中不受控制地发生,就会导致心肌梗死、中风或深静脉血栓(DVT)。这正是处方抗凝药物旨在预防的情况。

以下是理解以下内容的关键:两类抗凝药物各自阻断不同的阶段。抗血小板药物减弱第一步(血小板);抗凝药物中断第二步(凝血因子级联反应)。这一单一差异也解释了为何手术前的停药时间如此不同,因为“逆转”血小板的作用与“逆转”凝血因子的作用并不相同。

抗血小板药物

(阿司匹林、氯吡格雷/波立维、替格瑞洛/倍林达、普拉格雷/埃万特)

这些药物阻止被称为血小板的微小血细胞聚集,从而启动凝血过程。

  • 阿司匹林和氯吡格雷(以及普拉格雷)不可逆地发挥作用:一旦药物与血小板结合,该血小板在其整个生命周期内即被抑制。身体无法使其恢复功能。恢复正常凝血功能的唯一方法是生成全新的血小板,而血小板的寿命仅为约 7–10 天,每天约有 10% 被替换。因此,停药后,需要大约 5–7 天才能积累足够数量的新鲜、有功能血小板,以确保手术安全。这种血小板更新率正是这些药物通常需要在术前约一周停用的原因。
  • 替格瑞洛可逆的;它与血小板结合而非永久性地使其失活,因此清除速度稍快,但仍需几天时间。
  • 阿司匹林通常继续服用,用于出血风险较低的手术,或在保护心脏支架时,因为小的出血风险被血栓风险所抵消。由您的外科医生做出决定。

抗凝药

抗凝药作用于凝血级联反应更下游环节,即针对血液中的凝血因子,而非血小板。

华法林(Warfarin,商品名 Coumadin、Marevan)。 华法林抑制肝脏合成多种维生素K依赖性凝血因子。它并不能清除已在循环中的凝血因子;这些因子必须被自然消耗和清除,这一过程通常需要约5天。因此,华法林通常需在手术前约5天停用,并通过血液检测(INR,国际标准化比值)确认血液凝血功能已恢复正常。如果患者在停药间隔期内发生血栓的风险较高,则可能需要使用短效肝素进行“桥接”治疗,此类肝素注射可在手术前更近的时间点停用。

新型口服药:DOACs(直接口服抗凝药,包括阿哌沙班/Eliquis、利伐沙班/Xarelto、达比加群/Pradaxa、艾多沙班)。 每种药物均特异性阻断单一凝血因子,且机体清除迅速,半衰期约为12小时。由于这些药物清除迅速,通常只需在手术前1–2天停药。如果患者肾功能不佳,药物清除能力较差(尤其是主要通过肾脏排泄的达比加群),或手术出血风险较高,则停药等待时间需延长。DOACs无需监测INR,通常也无需桥接治疗。

肝素 / 低分子肝素(依诺肝素/Clexane)注射剂。 作用时间短;用于华法林的桥接治疗或预防血栓。由于这些药物在数小时内失效,末次给药时间只需安排在手术前较近的时间点(治疗剂量通常在术前约24小时给予)。

为何时间安排如此——一句话解释

这取决于药物的作用机制以及您身体的清除方式: 不可逆的抗血小板药物需要您生成新的血小板(约一周); 华法林需要等待旧的凝血因子清除(约5天);直接口服抗凝药(DOACs) 只需经过一两天即可排出体外。此外,每个方案还会权衡您的个人 血栓风险,这就是为什么服用相同药物的两个人可能会收到 不同的指示。

你必须做的事

  • 在术前评估时,携带一份你所服用药物的精确清单,包括阿司匹林以及鱼油等补充剂,因为它们也会影响出血。
  • 遵循医生给出的具体的停药和重启用药日期。这些日期是根据你的药物、肾功能以及手术情况量身定制的。
  • 切勿自行停药、开始用药或更改抗凝药物,也不要假设你的用药时间与朋友相同。
  • 告知所有参与治疗的医护人员你正在服用此类药物。

术后

一旦出血风险得到控制,抗凝药物将重新启动,有时在一天内,有时在较高出血风险的手术后更长时间。您将被告知确切的时间。药物所预防的血栓并不会因为您接受了手术而消失,因此按时重启药物与停药同样重要

如果您出现以下情况,请致电我们

  • 您意识到服用了本应跳过的剂量,或漏服了本应服用的剂量
  • 您出现异常或严重的瘀伤或出血、血尿或黑便、柏油样黑便,或出血不止
  • 对于手术前如何使用抗凝药物感到不确定:请务必咨询,切勿自行猜测

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