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围手术期抗凝药物

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How anticoagulants and antiplatelets work, and why the timing of stopping each before surgery differs — platelet turnover, half-lives and clot risk.

血凝块示意图——红细胞被纤维蛋白丝网状结构包裹在血小板团块周围。
血凝块是聚集在一起的血小板,并由纤维蛋白丝构成的网状结构加固——这正是抗凝药物旨在中断的过程。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

“抗凝药”涵盖两类作用机制完全不同的药物,对于上肢手术,我们的指导取决于您服用的是哪一类。阿司匹林和氯吡格雷等抗血小板药物应继续服用。 华法林、利伐沙班(Xarelto)、阿哌沙班(Eliquis)和达比加群(Pradaxa)等抗凝药应在手术前48小时停用。 了解您服用的是哪一种药物及其实际作用机制,会使这两项指导变得不那么令人费解。

首先,血液究竟是如何凝固的?

血凝块示意图:血小板和红细胞被困在纤维蛋白网中。
当血小板在损伤处聚集时,血凝块形成,纤维蛋白丝构成的网状结构捕获血细胞以封闭伤口。 OpenStax, Anatomy & Physiology, CC BY 3.0

为了理解不同的抗凝药物,了解血液通常如何封堵泄漏点会有所帮助,因为每种药物都会中断不同的步骤。

当血管被切断或受损时,身体通过两个阶段将其封堵:

  1. 血小板封堵缺口:快速的第一响应者。 血小板是微小的细胞碎片,在血液中循环,直到需要时才发挥作用。一旦它们遇到受损的血管壁,就会变得具有粘性,堆积在损伤处并聚集在一起,在几秒到几分钟内形成一个柔软的临时栓子。可以将其视为身体的紧急补丁。

  2. 凝血级联反应使栓子固化。 仅靠血小板栓子本身是脆弱的。为了加固它,血液会运行一个称为凝血级联反应的链式反应,这是一系列被称为凝血因子的蛋白质(大多数由肝脏产生,其中几种需要维生素K)按顺序相互激活,就像一排多米诺骨牌一样。级联反应最后将一种名为纤维蛋白原的蛋白质转化为纤维蛋白,这是一种由细丝组成的网状结构,它穿过血小板栓子,将其锁定为一个坚固、稳定的血凝块。

因此,一个完成的血凝块实际上是由纤维蛋白网连接在一起的血小板。 当它封堵伤口时,这正是你所希望的;但同样的过程在动脉或静脉内非预期地发生,会导致心脏病发作、中风或深静脉血栓形成(DVT)。这就是开具抗凝药物所要预防的情况。

以下是理解下文的关键:抗凝药物的两个家族各自阻碍不同的阶段。抗血小板药物削弱第一步(血小板);抗凝药物中断第二步(凝血因子级联反应)。这一单一差异也解释了为什么术前时间如此不同,因为“逆转”血小板与“逆转”凝血因子是不同的。

抗血小板药物

(阿司匹林、氯吡格雷/波立维、替格瑞洛/倍林达、普拉格雷/泰嘉)

这些药物可阻止被称为血小板的微小血细胞相互黏附以启动凝血过程。

  • 阿司匹林和氯吡格雷(以及普拉格雷)的作用具有不可逆性:一旦药物作用于血小板,该血小板在其整个生命周期内均被“关闭”。您的身体无法将其重新激活。恢复正常凝血功能的唯一途径是生成全新的血小板,而血小板的寿命仅约为 7–10 天,每天约有 10% 被替换。因此,短暂停药几乎无济于事,而足以产生影响的长时间停药将使心脏支架或卒中风险在一周内失去保护。这就是我们不建议您停药的原因:微小的出血风险被凝血风险所抵消。
  • 替格瑞洛的作用具有可逆性;它不会永久禁用血小板,而是从血小板上脱离,因此其清除速度比不可逆药物稍快。
  • 继续服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷。 请勿因手术而停药,包括复方制剂(DuoCover、DuoPlidogrel、Piax Plus Aspirin)。我们询问您是否服用这些药物,以便团队知情并据此制定计划。如果我们确实需要您停用某种抗凝药,相关指示将包含在您的手术详情邮件中;如果您的邮件中未包含此类指示,请照常继续服用所有药物。

抗凝药

这类药物作用于凝血级联反应的下游环节,针对血液中的凝血因子,而非血小板。

华法林(商品名:Coumadin、Marevan)。 华法林会抑制肝脏合成多种依赖维生素K的凝血因子。它并不能清除血液中已存在的因子;这些因子需经自然代谢消耗和清除,这一过程大约需要5天。我们关于华法林的指导是术前48小时停药,因此在手术当天药物仍可能有一定残留效应。这是预期内的情况;如果我们需要在手术前进行血液检测(国际标准化比值,INR),我们会安排并告知您。

新型口服抗凝药:直接口服抗凝药(DOACs)(阿哌沙班/Eliquis、利伐沙班/Xarelto、达比加群/Pradaxa、艾多沙班)。 每种药物均特异性阻断单一特定的凝血因子,且身体清除这些药物的速度较快,半衰期约为12小时。由于它们清除迅速,停药48小时通常足以使药物大部分清除。如果您有肾脏问题,请告知我们,因为此时药物在体内的清除时间会延长(尤其是达比加群,其主要通过肾脏排出)。这类药物无需监测INR。

肝素/低分子肝素(依诺肝素/Clexane)注射剂。 作用时间短;用于预防血栓形成。由于它们在数小时内即失效,如果您正在使用注射剂,我们会为您指定最后一次注射的具体时间。

为何时间如此安排——一句话概括

两条规则,分别针对两类药物。

抗血小板药物(阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及复方制剂):请继续服用。 短暂停药获益甚微,而长期停药则存在危险,因此我们既不要求短暂停药,也不要求长期停药。

抗凝药物(华法林、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、达比加群酯):术前48小时服用最后一剂。 实际操作如下:

  • 周一手术:最后一剂于前一周周五夜间或周六早晨服用,具体取决于您平时的服药时间。
  • 周五手术:最后一剂于前一周周二夜间或周三早晨服用。

您的手术详情电子邮件中已为您列出了具体的日期和时间。

您必须执行的事项

  • 在术前评估时,携带一份精确清单,列出您正在服用的所有药物,包括阿司匹林以及鱼油等补充剂,这些补充剂同样会影响出血。
  • 如果您正在服用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷,请继续服用,并确保我们知晓此情况。
  • 如果您正在服用抗凝药,请严格遵循手术详情邮件中规定的最后一次服药日期和时间,以及事后您获得的恢复用药说明。
  • 切勿自行停止、开始或更改抗凝药,也不要假设您的用药时间安排与朋友相同。
  • 告知所有参与治疗的临床医生您正在服用此类药物。

术后

一旦出血风险稳定,抗凝药物(血液稀释剂)将重新开始服用,有时在术后一天内,有时在出血风险较高的手术后更长时间。我们会明确告知您具体的重启时间。药物旨在预防的血栓并不会因为您接受了手术而消失,因此按时重启用药与按时停药同样重要。

如有以下情况,请致电我们

  • 您发现自己服用了被告知应跳过的剂量,或跳过了被告知应服用的剂量
  • 您出现异常或严重的瘀伤或出血、尿液或粪便中带血、黑色柏油样便,或无法止住的出血
  • 您不确定手术前如何处理您的抗凝药物:请务必咨询,切勿猜测

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