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旋前圆肌、Lacertus(肱二头肌腱膜)及前骨间神经综合征

Median nerve trouble high in the forearm — forearm aching with hand tingling (pronator) or weakness pinching the thumb and index (AIN), and how each is treated.

一只试图做出“OK”手势的手——该测试用于检测前骨间神经无力。
“OK”手势试验:前骨间神经麻痹时,拇指和食指无法形成圆形圈,而是平贴捏合。 Wikimedia Commons ('OK Sign'), CC BY 2.5

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

这些病症均源于正中神经在肘部及前臂上端较高位置受到挤压,而非在手腕处(即更为人熟知的腕管综合征部位)受压。它们之间的感觉差异较大。

旋前圆肌综合征通常导致前臂前侧出现深层、酸痛且易疲劳的疼痛,这种疼痛常因前臂反复扭转(如拧螺丝刀或钥匙、拧干布料)或用力抓握而加重。您还可能感到拇指、食指和中指有针刺感或麻木,手掌及拇指根部肌肉区域也可能出现麻木。与腕管综合征不同,它通常不会在夜间将您痛醒,且不适感更多位于前臂而非手部。

Lacertus综合征是您可能听到的一个较新的名称,用于描述这种高位挤压的一种特定类型,其致病因素是肘部褶皱处一条名为lacertus fibrosus(纤维束)的致密纤维带。典型表现为手部极易疲劳且抓握笨拙——写字、打字或使用工具变得费力——同时伴有前臂酸痛,且在肘部褶皱正下方有明显的压痛。这也是我们在腕管手术后症状未得到预期缓解时,会重点排查的情况之一。

骨间前神经(AIN)综合征则有所不同。它通常引起很少或没有麻木感。相反,这是一种肌力问题:负责弯曲拇指和食指指尖的肌肉功能受损。典型的体征是无法做出正常的圆形“OK”手势:当您试图将拇指指尖与食指指尖捏合时,捏合动作会塌陷成扁平或三角形。有些人会先注意到手臂或肩部出现短暂的酸痛,随后才出现肌力减弱。

实际发生了什么

一条粗大的神经——正中神经——从颈部发出,沿上臂下行,穿过肘部前方并延伸至手部。它同时传导感觉(手部的一部分)和运动功能(支配多块肌肉)。

在旋前圆肌综合征中,当神经穿过肘部及前臂上段拥挤的空间时,会受到压迫或刺激。它可能被肘部褶皱附近的一条致密组织带(即弓状韧带——当该组织带是致病原因时,该病症越来越多地被称为弓状韧带综合征)挤压,也可能在穿过或经过使手掌向下的肌肉之间或下方时受到挤压。由于压迫位置较高(位于腕部以上),症状会累及手掌和拇指根部,这是将其与腕管综合征区分开来的主要线索。

在前间骨神经综合征中,问题累及正中神经的一条深支,该分支仅传导运动功能而不传导感觉,因此会出现肌力减弱但无麻木感。在许多患者中,这并非简单的“卡压”,而更像是神经的刺激或炎症(有时继发于病毒感染,或无明显诱因),这也是该病症常能自行恢复的原因之一。

我们能做什么

在 Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton(罗克汉普顿 Mater 私立医院),Kieran Hirpara 医生领导我们的上肢团队,通过细致的病史采集和体格检查来评估这些疾病。我们通常从非手术治疗开始,仅在休息和活动调整后症状仍持续存在时才考虑手术。

对于所有这些疾病,第一步几乎总是非手术治疗,尤其是对于前骨间神经综合征(AIN syndrome),这种耐心通常会有回报。

缓解症状。 这意味着调整加重病情的活动(减少反复扭转和用力抓握),有时使用夹板让手臂休息,并给予神经恢复的时间。简单的止痛措施有助于缓解疼痛。

观察等待。 前骨间神经(AIN)无力往往会在数月内自行改善,因此常规方案是观察和等待,通常持续三到六个月,然后再考虑其他措施。许多人在这一时间段内无需手术即可恢复力量。在此期间,可能会安排神经电生理检查或影像学扫描以确认诊断并跟踪恢复情况。

手术仅保留给少数未改善的患者:尽管经过充分休息和活动调整试验后疼痛仍持续的前臂旋前综合征(pronator syndrome),或在观察期后无力无任何恢复迹象的前骨间神经(AIN)无力。手术通过松解压迫神经的紧张结构,使神经得以恢复。如果压迫点具体位于 lacertus band(腱膜束/ lacertus fibrosus),通常可以在局部麻醉下、患者清醒的状态下通过一个小切口完成——这允许当场检查受影响肌肉的力量——且恢复通常较快。

预期情况

这些疾病通常预后良好。前骨间神经综合征尤其具有自行好转的强烈倾向,这正是我们不急于进行手术的原因。恢复是渐进的,以月而非周为单位衡量,因此需要一定的耐心,您的进展将在过程中得到评估。

当非手术治疗不足以解决问题且需要手术时,松解神经通常能缓解旋前圆肌综合征的疼痛,并为前骨间神经综合征的力量恢复提供最佳机会,尽管神经恢复缓慢,且改善会在之后数月内持续增强。

何时就医

  • 前臂酸痛,伴有拇指、食指和中指麻木或刺痛感,尤其当手掌和拇指根部也有类似感觉时,且在扭转或抓握时症状加重。
  • 突然难以做出正常的“OK”手势,或拇指指尖与食指指尖对捏时出现无力。
  • 前臂或手部症状经休息及活动方式调整后仍未缓解,或数月后无力症状仍未恢复。
  • 肩部或手臂短暂酸痛后出现手部无力,值得进行评估,因为这种模式可能提示神经问题,早期识别有利于治疗。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您做出自身治疗决策所需的深度。这些综合征值得额外阅读,因为有两个正在进行的争论正在改变治疗方案:一个是新近流行的诊断(lacertus综合征),其支持证据确实引人注目但确实薄弱;另一个是前骨间综合征,目前越来越被认为并非压迫所致,这意味着减压手术不太可能是解决方案。

可能并非卡压的病症

骨间前神经综合征导致特征性的肌力减弱,表现为无法屈曲拇指和食指的指尖,因此“OK”手势会塌陷为捏指姿势,且无麻木感,因为该分支仅支配肌肉。

长期以来,人们一直认为该神经是被纤维带卡压所致,并据此进行治疗。当代观点有所不同:人们越来越认为这是一种神经炎,且在长期观察后常可自发缓解 [1]。其自然病程几乎总是完全或接近完全恢复,且没有可靠证据表明手术能改变该自然病程,因此应避免仓促进行手术治疗,直到高质量的研究表明早期干预能改善或加速恢复 [2]。

这种重新界定至关重要,因为这两种模型暗示了相反的处理方式。如果纤维带正在绞扼神经,延迟会导致永久性损伤,早期松解刻不容缓。如果神经处于炎症状态,手术则会在一个本会自行恢复的过程中增加一处伤口,而神经恢复的时间尺度以数月计,时间足够长,以至于在第六个月进行的手术在临床上必然显得有效。

实际指南反映了这种不确定性,而非将其解决:旋前圆肌综合征中持续症状超过 6 个月,或骨间前神经综合征中至少 12 个月,才指征进行手术减压 [1]。

旋前圆肌综合征是一个存在争议的诊断

旋前圆肌综合征是指正中神经在肘部附近较高位置受到压迫,导致前臂疼痛以及正中神经支配的手指麻木。由于这些感觉症状与更为常见且可通过神经传导研究轻松确认的腕管综合征几乎完全重叠,因此区分两者十分困难。

文献中将其描述为一种有争议的诊断,通常采用非手术方式治疗,疗程约为12个月 [1]。提示病变位于近端而非远端的特征包括:拇指根部掌侧的麻木(该区域由在腕管之前离开神经的分支支配,因此在腕管综合征中不受累),以及前臂压痛,且症状由抗阻前臂旋转诱发,而非由夜间手腕姿势诱发 [3] [5]。

腱弓综合征:最古老肌腱带的新名称

腱弓(lacertus fibrosus)是一层从肱二头肌腱延伸至肘部前方的纤维膜,它一直被视为可能压迫正中神经的结构之一。近期变化在于,有观点主张它应占据首要地位。由瑞典手外科医生 Elisabet Hagert 领导的一派学者认为,许多被诊断为非特异性前臂疲劳、“笨拙手”或腕管松解术无效的患者,实际上其神经正是在该处受到卡压——这一模式现被广泛称为腱弓综合征 [6]。

诊断刻意基于临床评估,因为近端正中神经压迫的电生理检查通常正常:具体表现为三块由正中神经支配的特定肌肉无力(拇指和食指的指尖屈肌,以及一块腕屈肌),同时在该肌腱带正上方有压痛 [6]。建议的治疗方案是在患者完全清醒的状态下,使用局部麻醉进行短时间的松解术,以便在肌腱带被切断后的几分钟内,直接在手术台上重新测试肌力。报告的结果令人瞩目:在已发表的最大系列研究中,93 名患者的平均功能障碍评分(QuickDASH)从术前的 53 分降至术后立即的 8 分,握力从 16 kg 上升至 24 kg,且办公室职员通常在几天内即可返回工作岗位 [7]。

令人瞩目的结果值得审视,而怀疑论观点也已随之发表。一项研究发现,腱弓处的压痛在完全健康的人群中也很常见,在 72 条无症状手臂中,有 14 条(约五分之一)存在此体征,这削弱了仅凭压痛作为诊断依据的可靠性,并使得与对侧手臂的比较变得不可靠 [8]。其他人指出,“腱弓综合征”目前正被用于描述两种不同的问题:真正的神经压迫,以及同一部位的肌肉过度使用模式,而这一标签可能正在被拉伸以涵盖两者 [9]。目前尚无随机对照试验,结局系列研究的随访时间较短,且一种在没有客观测试的情况下进行诊断、并通过即时反馈手术进行治疗的疾病,恰恰是选择偏倚和安慰剂效应美化结果的典型场景。

合理的折中立场正是本页所持有的观点:该肌腱带是真实存在的,它可以压迫神经,当出现特定的无力模式加上压痛时,针对性松解术是一项恢复迅速的小手术。当前的文献中,既包含热情也包含怀疑。

为何耐心观察是合理的,而不仅仅是谨慎的

对于这两种情况,推荐的方案均为长期观察,但在症状持续存在的情况下,这一方案往往难以被接受。有两点使其具有合理性。

第一点是上述的自然病程:对于前骨间神经综合征,不进行干预时,恢复是预期的结果 [2]。第二点是,突发疼痛性麻痹的另一种可能诊断为神经性肌萎缩(Parsonage-Turner综合征),这是一种神经炎症性疾病,典型表现为持续数天至数周的严重肩部或手臂疼痛,随后随着疼痛消退而出现无力 [4]。这是一种内科疾病,而非机械性病变,减压手术无法解决该问题。

因此,在无力出现之前出现的严重疼痛发作,是最值得准确报告的特征,因为它使可能的诊断完全偏离了压迫性病因。

参考文献

[1] Rodner CM, Tinsley BA, O'Malley MP. 旋前圆肌综合征和前骨间神经综合征. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013;21(5):268-75. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-21-05-268

[2] Nzeako OJ, Tahmassebi R. 特发性前骨间神经功能障碍. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(11):2277-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.07.021

[3] Balcerzak AA, Ruzik K, Tubbs RS, Konschake M, Podgórski M, Borowski A, et al. 如何区分旋前圆肌综合征和腕管综合征:一项全面的临床比较. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(10):2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102433

[4] Stutz CM. 神经性肌萎缩:Parsonage-Turner综合征. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(12):2104-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.09.010

[5] Presciutti S, Rodner CM. 旋前圆肌综合征. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(5):907-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.02.014

[6] Hagert E. 肘部近端正中神经卡压的临床诊断和清醒手术处理:一项前瞻性研究. Hand (N Y). 2013;8(1):41-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11552-012-9483-4

[7] Ahmad AA, Abdullah S, Thavamany AS, Tong CY, Ganapathy SS. 髂胫束综合征:髂胫束松解术后的结果分析. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2023;5(4):498-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.03.001

[8] Fang J, Zhang LQ, Tang JB. 健康人群中髂胫束局部压痛的发病率. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2025;51(1):107-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934251346595

[9] Berezin PA, Zolotov AS. 髂胫束综合征:一个术语 - 两种不同的病理. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2023;48(8):825-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934231170347


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Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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