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腕部腱鞘囊肿

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Wrist ganglia are common, fluid-filled lumps – often painless – and this page covers observation, aspiration, and excision.

Updated Jun 2026
一张手绘插图，描绘了手腕背面一个光滑、圆形、柔软的囊肿肿块。
腕部腱鞘囊肿：一个光滑、穹顶状、充满液体的囊，从下方的关节处向上突出于腕背侧。 GEMalone / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能会注意到手腕上有一个肿块。它通常质地柔软，且大小可能发生变化。如果肿块位于手腕背侧，您可能会感到该区域疼痛。患有此类腱鞘囊肿的女性在术后更有可能出现持续性疼痛。当您活动手腕时，疼痛可能会加剧。

如果肿块位于手腕掌侧，您可能会感觉像有一根紧绷的带子。这可能会卡住您的手指。当您弯曲手指时，可能会感到咔哒声或锁定感。这种感觉类似于扳机指（腱鞘炎）。您可能会发现难以抓握物体或舒适地打字。

日常任务可能会变得困难。伸手到背后扣内衣可能会引起疼痛。如果拉伸肿块上方的皮肤，塞衬衫可能会变得别扭。侧卧压迫受影响的手腕一侧可能会干扰您的休息。如果您的工作或爱好需要手腕强力背伸，那么在治疗后持续疼痛和活动受限的风险相当大。

儿童的手腕背侧常出现肿块。女孩比男孩更常见。对于10岁以下的儿童，肿块通常位于手腕掌侧。在大多数情况下，这些肿块会在12至18个月内自行消退。您不需要常规进行X光检查来确认这一点，因为它们很少改变外科医生的治疗方案。

如果肿块不消退或引起疼痛，您的外科医生可能会建议观察约2个月。夹板固定可能有所帮助。如果肿块持续存在，手术是一个选择。手术可以切除肿块并显著减轻症状。术后肿块复发的几率很低。使用小型摄像头的关节镜手术是切除手腕背侧肿块的safe且有效的方法。

避免向肿块内注射硬化剂的治疗。这些治疗可能导致严重伤害，包括桡动脉损伤。如果您需要进行MRI检查以确诊，它是可靠的。与手术结果相比，它在83%的病例中能正确识别肿块。

实际发生了什么

腱鞘囊肿是一种形成于腕关节或肌腱附近的充满液体的囊袋。可以将其想象为一个从关节囊衬里渗漏出来的小水球。关节囊是包裹腕骨并将润滑液保持在原位的一层坚韧的套筒。有时，这层衬里会变弱或撕裂，导致液体渗出并形成肿块。

你可能会在手腕的背侧（dorsal）或掌侧（volar）注意到这个肿块。无论年龄或军事身份如何，女性被诊断为掌侧腕腱鞘囊肿的可能性显著更高。如果是儿童腱鞘囊肿，最常影响腕背侧，且女性多见。手部儿童腱鞘囊肿的自愈率高于腕部腱鞘囊肿。

囊内的液体呈粘稠的果冻状，类似于帮助肌腱平滑滑动的润滑剂。当这个囊袋增大时，可能会压迫附近的神经或结构。这种压迫通常是导致疼痛或限制活动的原因。腕关节过度松弛的患者有发生腱鞘囊肿的倾向。这意味着如果你的关节天生较松弛，可能更容易形成这些囊肿。

在适当使用脉冲序列时，外科医生可能会使用磁共振成像（MRI）来评估腕部疼痛。这种扫描提供了对软组织的清晰、无创观察。然而，由于腕部腱鞘囊肿患者中治疗上有意义的发现患病率较低，常规进行腕部X线检查在腕部腱鞘囊肿患者的评估和治疗决策过程中并不具备成本效益。在儿科机构中，大多数腕部MRI检查是因腕部疼痛而开具的，这有助于医生确切地看到液体的来源。

了解肿块的来源有助于解释为何某些治疗方法比其他方法更有效。由于囊袋与关节相连，单纯抽吸往往会导致其再次充盈。这就是为什么外科医生会根据你的具体症状和生活方式讨论观察、夹板固定或手术切除等选项。

我们能采取的措施

您可以先观察肿块并让其休息。这称为期待疗法。该方法对许多人有效，尤其适用于儿童。在10岁以下儿童中，69%至79%的此类囊肿可在12-18个月内自行消退。您的外科医生可能会建议佩戴夹板以保持手腕静止。这有助于减少刺激。大多数儿童手部和腕部腱鞘囊肿仅通过观察或夹板固定即可消退。您应给予该方案至少两个月的时间以观察疗效。如果囊肿疼痛或未缩小，我们将讨论其他选项。

我们通常不为该病症开具X光检查。它们很少改变我们的治疗方案，因为它们很少显示有用的发现。如果您有疼痛，您的外科医生可能会开具抗炎药物。这些药物有助于减轻肿胀并缓解不适。它们不能去除囊肿，但能使日常生活更加舒适。一些患者发现白天或夜间佩戴夹板可缓解症状。这限制了活动并减少了关节的压力。我们避免向囊肿内注射硬化剂等物质。这种做法已被停止，因为它可能导致严重伤害，例如损伤您手腕中的桡动脉。

如果保守治疗失败后囊肿仍然疼痛，则考虑手术。如果肿块在初始治疗后复发，手术也是一个选项。手术切除可显著减轻症状，且囊肿复发率低。大多数患者在术后报告高度满意。您的外科医生将在开放手术或关节镜手术（使用小型摄像头）之间进行选择。与其他方法相比，开放手术降低囊肿复发的可能性。然而，如果您的工作或爱好需要手腕强力伸展，您在开放切除术后可能会面临残留疼痛或功能受限的显著风险。关节镜治疗是一种安全有效的替代方案，但需要特定的外科专业知识。在决定最佳方案之前，我们将审查您的具体风险和益处。

预期情况

您的预后主要取决于您的年龄和囊肿的位置。如果您是10岁以下的儿童，囊肿很可能位于手腕掌侧。在这种情况下，它通常会自行消退。约69%至79%的此类囊肿在12至18个月内无需任何治疗即可消失。您的外科医生可能会建议密切观察或使用夹板。

对于成年人，囊肿通常位于手腕背侧。这些囊肿很少能自行消退。在就诊手外科医生后的前六年内，约40%的手腕腱鞘囊肿会缩小。然而，大多数囊肿无法完全自行消失。如果您选择不予处理，可能会经历持续的不适或可见的肿块。

如果您决定接受治疗，手术切除可显著减轻您的症状。大多数患者对结果表示高度满意。手术后囊肿复发的几率较低，约为10%。这比尝试用针头抽吸囊肿要好得多，后者往往导致囊肿复发。

请注意，某些因素可能会影响您的恢复。如果您是女性且在手术前囊肿周围有疼痛，术后出现残留疼痛的可能性更大。此外，如果您的工作或爱好需要用力向后弯曲手腕，您在开放手术后面临持续性疼痛或活动受限的风险更高。您的外科医生将与您讨论这些风险，以确保为您的特定生活方式实现最佳结果。

何时就诊

如果您有持续不缓解的疼痛，请寻求专科医生评估。如果您发现手腕无力或不稳，请就医。如果您在使用手腕时出现卡顿或突然无力，请就诊。如果症状干扰您的睡眠或工作，也应寻求帮助。如果您的病情突然加重，请进行评估。您的外科医生可以判断腱鞘囊肿是否需要治疗，还是最佳选择为观察。早期评估有助于预防并发症，并确保您获得针对您具体情况的最佳治疗。

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 18 May 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

Overview

  • Female patients with preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia are the most likely to have residual pain after surgery [1].
  • There is no consensus within the literature regarding the best management of pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • No single treatment modality confers a particular advantage or disadvantage over another for pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • Sonography-assisted arthroscopic resection is safer and more reliable for treating volar wrist ganglia [4].
  • Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appears to reduce recurrence at 1 year without negatively impacting patient outcomes [5].
  • Open excision of dorsal wrist ganglia leads to a lower recurrence rate than arthroscopic excision [6].
  • Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia significantly reduces patient symptoms with low recurrence rates and high patient satisfaction [8].
  • Outcomes, recurrence, and complication rates after 4 years of follow-up support the use of arthroscopy as a treatment for dorsal wrist ganglion [9].
  • Patients whose occupation or activities require forceful wrist extension should be counseled on the considerable risk of residual pain and functional limitations that may occur after open dorsal wrist ganglion excision [12].
  • Open surgical excision offers a significantly lower chance of recurrence compared with aspiration in the treatment of wrist ganglions [15].
  • Arthroscopic ganglionectomy through an intrafocal cystic portal is a safe and efficacious option for the treatment of painful wrist ganglia [17].
  • High patient satisfaction can be achieved for arthroscopic treatment of occult dorsal wrist ganglia [18].
  • Arthroscopic treatment of a dorsal wrist ganglion is a good alternative to open surgery, though it is a difficult procedure requiring adequate experience [20].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Sonography-assisted arthroscopic resection is a safer and more reliable technique for treating volar wrist ganglia [4].
  • Determining the etiology of ulnar-sided wrist pain is challenging due to overlapping history and physical examination findings [14].
  • Diagnosis of ulnar-sided wrist pain requires a detailed history, systematic physical examination with provocative maneuvers, and appropriate diagnostic imaging [14].
  • Four-dimensional CT complements conventional imaging and arthroscopy by providing functional information on wrist biomechanics [25].
  • Four-dimensional CT should be used selectively when dynamic instability is suspected and conventional imaging is inconclusive [25].
  • The radioscapholunate fusion shows the most biomechanically similar behavior to the healthy wrist among compared fusion types [26].
  • The scaphoid, lunate, and capitate move synergistically throughout planar wrist motion [27].
  • The row theory more clearly accounts for the function of the wrist than the column theory regarding carpal instability [28].
  • Carpal instability is a multifactorial phenomenon involving inadequate wrist proprioception, poor interaction between ligaments and muscles, and lack of control by the sensorimotor system [33].
  • Combined wrist hyperextension with radial deviation causes the scaphoid to contact the radius over the radial styloid [35].
  • Anatomical differences in Liebenberg syndrome are biomechanically normal for the individual, resulting in near-normal function and painless joints [37].

Classification

  • Female patients with preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia are the most likely to have residual pain after surgery [1].
  • There is no consensus within the literature regarding the best management of pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • No single treatment modality confers a particular advantage or disadvantage over another for pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist [3].
  • 69% to 79% of pediatric ganglions in children aged <10 years display spontaneous regression within a span of 12-18 months [3].
  • Sonography-assisted arthroscopic resection is considered safer and more reliable for treating volar wrist ganglia [4].
  • Open excision of dorsal wrist ganglia leads to a lower recurrence rate than arthroscopic excision [6].
  • Ganglions in pediatric populations most commonly affect the dorsal wrist [7].
  • Pediatric ganglions demonstrate a female predilection [7].
  • Military service members have higher rates of volar wrist ganglia diagnoses than their age- and sex-matched civilian counterparts [10].
  • The incidence of dorsal wrist ganglia was higher in the military compared with the civilian population [11].
  • Clinicians should be careful ascribing symptoms to anatomical variations on radiographs in patients with nonspecific wrist pain [13].
  • Open surgical excision offers a significantly lower chance of recurrence compared with aspiration in the treatment of wrist ganglions [15].
  • Joint denervation is a symptomatic treatment for osteoarthritis of the wrist and hand [21].
  • Cystic soft tissue tumours of the dorsal aspect of the wrist have two distinct histological subtypes [41].
  • Both histologically distinct tissue types coexist at recurrence in dorsal wrist ganglia [41].
  • There are equal recurrence rates in both initial synovial and ganglion groups for dorsal wrist cystic soft tissue tumours [41].

Clinical Presentation

  • Female patients with preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia are the most likely to have residual pain after surgery [1].
  • Pediatric wrist ganglions most commonly affect the dorsal wrist and demonstrate a female predilection [7].
  • In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist [3].
  • Ganglions in children usually resolve within 18 months if they resolve spontaneously [16].
  • Military service members have higher rates of volar wrist ganglia diagnoses than their age- and sex-matched civilian counterparts [10].
  • The incidence of dorsal wrist ganglia is higher in the military compared with the civilian population [11].
  • Patients whose occupation or activities require forceful wrist extension face a considerable risk of residual pain and functional limitations after open dorsal wrist ganglion excision [12].
  • Clinicians should be careful ascribing symptoms to anatomical variations on radiographs in patients with nonspecific wrist pain [13].
  • Determining the etiology of ulnar-sided wrist pain is often challenging due to overlapping history and physical examination findings [14].

Investigations

  • Female patients with preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia are the most likely to have residual pain after arthroscopic excision [1].
  • There is no consensus within the literature regarding the best management of pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • No single treatment modality confers a particular advantage or disadvantage over another for pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist [3].
  • In children aged <10 years, 69% to 79% of volar wrist ganglions display spontaneous regression within a span of 12-18 months [3].
  • Sonography-assisted arthroscopic resection is considered safer and more reliable for treating volar wrist ganglia [4].
  • Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appeared to reduce recurrence at 1 year [5].
  • Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions did not negatively impact patient outcomes [5].
  • Ganglions in pediatric populations most commonly affect the dorsal wrist [7].
  • Ganglions in pediatric populations demonstrate a female predilection [7].
  • Military service members have higher rates of volar wrist ganglia diagnoses than their age- and sex-matched civilian counterparts [10].
  • The incidence of dorsal wrist ganglia was higher in the military compared with the civilian population [11].
  • Clinicians should be careful ascribing symptoms to anatomical variations on radiographs in patients with nonspecific wrist pain [13].
  • Determining the etiology of ulnar-sided wrist pain is often challenging due to overlapping history and physical examination findings [14].
  • A detailed history, systematic physical examination with provocative maneuvers, and appropriate diagnostic imaging are essential for diagnosing ulnar-sided wrist pain [14].
  • If a pediatric wrist ganglion resolves, it usually does so within 18 months [16].
  • Radiological evaluation showed normal radiocarpal angles, volar tilt, and radial length in patients treated arthroscopically for scapholunate ligament lesions associated with intra-articular distal radius fractures [22].
  • When the appropriate pulse sequence is used, magnetic resonance imaging is an accurate and effective method for the non-invasive evaluation of pain in the wrist [32].
  • For young subjects, MRI is valuable in diagnosing ulnar detachment of the triangular fibrocartilage complex [34].
  • The ability to distinguish between proximal and distal laminae of the triangular fibrocartilage complex using MRI remains questionable for young subjects [34].
  • Convolutional neural networks can detect ganglion cysts in wrist MRI [36].
  • Intraosseous carpal bone cysts are a rare cause of chronic wrist pain that can progress to pathological fracture and tendon compromise [40].
  • Once identified, intraosseous carpal bone cysts require careful clinical and radiographic assessment [40].
  • Surgical intervention is indicated for symptomatic intraosseous carpal bone cysts [40].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • In children aged <10 years, volar wrist ganglions can be treated expectantly, with 69% to 79% displaying spontaneous regression within 12-18 months [3].
  • There is no consensus within the literature regarding the best management of pediatric wrist ganglia, and no single treatment modality confers a particular advantage or disadvantage over another [2].

Surgical Excision: Open vs. Arthroscopic vs. Aspiration

  • Open surgical excision offers a significantly lower chance of recurrence compared with aspiration in the treatment of wrist ganglions [15].
  • Open excision of dorsal wrist ganglia leads to a lower recurrence rate than does arthroscopic excision [6].
  • Arthroscopic treatment of a dorsal wrist ganglion is a good alternative to open surgery, though it is a difficult procedure requiring adequate experience [20].
  • Arthroscopic resection of dorsal wrist ganglions with or without midcarpal exploration supports the use of arthroscopy as a treatment for dorsal wrist ganglion with favorable outcomes, recurrence, and complication rates at 4 years of follow-up [9].
  • Arthroscopic ganglionectomy through an intrafocal cystic portal is a safe and efficacious option for the treatment of painful wrist ganglia [17].
  • High patient satisfaction can be achieved for arthroscopic treatment of occult dorsal wrist ganglia [18].
  • Sonography-assisted arthroscopic resection is a safer and more reliable method for treating volar wrist ganglia [4].
  • Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia significantly reduces patient symptoms with low recurrence rates and high patient satisfaction [8].

Recurrence and Technical Considerations

  • Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appears to reduce recurrence at 1 year without negatively impacting patient outcomes [5].

Patient-Specific Factors and Outcomes

  • Female patients who have preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia were the most likely to have residual pain after surgery [1].
  • Patients whose occupation or activities require forceful wrist extension should be counseled on the considerable risk of residual pain and functional limitations that may occur after open dorsal wrist ganglion excision [12].

Complications

  • Female patients with preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia are the most likely to have residual pain after surgery [1].
  • Patients whose occupation or activities require forceful wrist extension should be counseled on the considerable risk of residual pain and functional limitations that may occur after open dorsal wrist ganglion excision [12].
  • Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appeared to reduce recurrence at 1 year without negatively impacting patient outcomes [5].
  • Open excision of dorsal wrist ganglia leads to a lower recurrence rate than does arthroscopic excision [6].
  • Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia significantly reduces patient symptoms with low recurrence rates and high patient satisfaction [8].
  • The outcomes, recurrence, and complications rates after 4 years of follow-up support the use of arthroscopy as a treatment for dorsal wrist ganglion [9].

Recovery

  • Female patients with preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia are the most likely to have residual pain after surgery [1].
  • There is no consensus within the literature regarding the best management of pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • No single treatment modality confers a particular advantage or disadvantage over another for pediatric wrist ganglia [2].
  • In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist [3].
  • Ganglions in children aged <10 years can be treated expectantly [3].
  • 69% to 79% of ganglions in children aged <10 years display spontaneous regression within a span of 12-18 months [3].
  • Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appeared to reduce recurrence at 1 year without negatively impacting patient outcomes [5].
  • Open excision of dorsal wrist ganglia leads to a lower recurrence rate than does arthroscopic excision [6].
  • Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia significantly reduces patient symptoms [8].
  • Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia is associated with low recurrence rates [8].
  • Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia is associated with high patient satisfaction [8].
  • Outcomes, recurrence, and complications rates after 4 years of follow-up support the use of arthroscopy as a treatment for dorsal wrist ganglion [9].
  • Military service members have higher rates of volar wrist ganglia diagnoses than their age- and sex-matched civilian counterparts [10].
  • The incidence of dorsal wrist ganglia was higher in the military compared with the civilian population [11].
  • Patients whose occupation or activities require forceful wrist extension should be counseled on the considerable risk of residual pain and functional limitations that may occur after open dorsal wrist ganglion excision [12].
  • Open surgical excision offers a significantly lower chance of recurrence compared with aspiration in the treatment of wrist ganglions [15].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Female patients who have preoperative pain around dorsal wrist ganglia were the most likely to have residual pain after surgery. [1] (10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.002)
  • [L4] There is no consensus within the literature regarding the best management of pediatric wrist ganglia, and no single treatment modality confers a particular advantage or disadvantage over another. [2] (10.1177/1558944720966716)
  • [L4] In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist and can be treated expectantly, with 69% to 79% displaying spontaneous regression within a span of 12-18 months. [3] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.12.015)
  • [Paper] This method is safer and more reliable for treating volar wrist ganglia. [4] (10.1016/j.eats.2011.12.007)
  • [L3] Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appeared to reduce recurrence at 1 year without negatively impacting patient outcomes. [5] (10.1177/17531934251405730)
  • [L3] This study suggests that open excision of dorsal wrist ganglia leads to a lower recurrence rate than does arthroscopic excision. [6] (10.1177/15589447211003184)
  • [L2] Ganglions in pediatric populations, which most commonly affect the dorsal wrist, demonstrate a female predilection. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.026)
  • [L4] Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia significantly reduces patient symptoms with low recurrence rates and high patient satisfaction. [8] (10.1177/1753193411434376)
  • [L4] The outcomes, recurrence, and complications rates after 4 years of follow-up presented in this study support the use of arthroscopy as a treatment for dorsal wrist ganglion. [9] (10.1177/1558944717743601)
  • [L3] Military service members have higher rates of volar wrist ganglia diagnoses than their age- and sex-matched civilian counterparts. [10] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.08.008)
  • [L3] The incidence of dorsal wrist ganglia was higher in the military compared with the civilian population. [11] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2020.08.001)
  • [L4] Patients whose occupation or activities require forceful wrist extension should be counseled on the considerable risk of residual pain and functional limitations that may occur after open dorsal wrist ganglion excision. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.05.030)
  • [L3] Clinicians should be careful ascribing symptoms to anatomical variations on radiographs in patients with nonspecific wrist pain. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.02.002)
  • [L5] Determining the etiology of ulnar-sided wrist pain is often challenging due to overlapping history and physical examination findings; a detailed history, systematic physical examination with provocative maneuvers, and appropriate diagnostic imaging are essential for diagnosis. [14] (10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00407)
  • [L1] Open surgical excision offers significantly lower chance of recurrence compared with aspiration in the treatment of wrist ganglions. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.014)
  • [L4] In a child with a wrist ganglion, if the cyst ultimately resolved, it usually did so within 18 months. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.10.032)
  • [L4] Arthroscopic ganglionectomy through an intrafocal cystic portal is a safe and efficacious option for the treatment of painful wrist ganglia. [17] (10.1016/j.arthro.2009.08.021)
  • [L4] The results confirm that high patient satisfaction can be achieved for arthroscopic treatment of occult dorsal wrist ganglia. [18] (10.1007/s00402-016-2539-0)
  • [L4] Arthroscopic treatment of a dorsal wrist ganglion is a good alternative to open surgery, though it is a difficult procedure requiring adequate experience. [20] (10.1054/jhsb.1999.0290)
  • [L5] Joint denervation deserves a place of choice in the surgical arsenal for osteoarthritis of the wrist and hand, provided new anatomical observations are integrated, the procedure is meticulous, and patients are informed that it is a symptomatic treatment. [21] (10.1016/j.otsr.2021.102986)
  • [L4] Radiological evaluation showed normal radiocarpal angles, volar tilt, and radial length in all patients. [22] (10.1007/s001670050172)
  • [L5] Four-dimensional CT complements conventional imaging and arthroscopy by providing functional information on wrist biomechanics and should be used selectively when dynamic instability is suspected and conventional imaging is inconclusive. [25] (10.1530/eor-2026-0051)
  • [L5] The article summarizes current thinking regarding the diagnosis and treatment of clinically important carpal instabilities, emphasizing that the row theory more clearly accounts for the function of the wrist than the column theory. [28] (10.2106/00004623-199503000-00019)
  • [L2] When the appropriate pulse sequence is used, magnetic resonance imaging is an accurate and effective method for the non-invasive evaluation of pain in the wrist. [32] (10.2106/00004623-199711000-00009)
  • [L5] Carpal instability is a multifactorial phenomenon involving inadequate wrist proprioception, poor interaction between ligaments and muscles, and lack of control of the entire process by the sensorimotor system. [33] (10.1016/j.hcl.2017.04.007)
  • [L3] For young subjects, MRI is still valuable, especially in diagnosing ulnar detachment, although the ability to distinguish between proximal and distal laminae remains questionable. [34] (10.1177/17531934221141986)
  • [L4] Combined wrist hyperextension with radial deviation caused the scaphoid to contact the radius over the radial styloid. [35] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.08.030)
  • [L4] CNNs can detect ganglion cysts in wrist MRI. [36] (10.1186/s12891-025-09011-1)
  • [L4] Conservative management is the guiding principle as the anatomical differences are biomechanically normal for the individual, resulting in near-normal function and painless joints. [37] (10.1177/1753193413502162)
  • [L4] Intraosseous carpal bone cysts are a rare cause of chronic wrist pain that can progress to pathological fracture and tendon compromise; once identified, they require careful clinical and radiographic assessment with surgical intervention indicated for symptomatic cases. [40] (10.1007/s11552-015-9750-2)
  • [L4] The study demonstrated two histologically distinct tissue types at primary surgery and the coexistence of both tissue types at recurrence, with equal recurrence rates in both initial synovial and ganglion groups. [41] (10.1177/17531934241251721)

References

[1] Arthroscopic Excision of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion: Factors Related to Recurrence and Postoperative Residual Pain. Arthroscopy. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.002 [2] Wrist Ganglion Cysts in Children: An Update and Review of the Literature. HAND. 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1558944720966716 [3] Pediatric Ganglions of the Hand and Wrist: A Review of Current Literature. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.12.015 [4] Sonography‐Assisted Arthroscopic Resection of Volar Wrist Ganglia: A New Technique. Arthroscopy Techniques. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2011.12.007 [5] Arthroscopic resection of dorsal wrist ganglions with or without midcarpal exploration. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251405730 [6] Recurrence Rates of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Cysts After Arthroscopic Versus Open Surgical Excision: A Retrospective Comparison. HAND. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211003184 [7] Clinical Presentation and Characteristics of Hand and Wrist Ganglion Cysts in Children. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.026 [8] Patient outcomes following wrist ganglion excision surgery. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2012. DOI: 10.1177/1753193411434376 [9] Arthroscopic Resection of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion: Results and Rate of Recurrence Over a Minimum Follow-up of 4 Years. HAND. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1558944717743601 [10] Incidence and Risk Factors for Volar Wrist Ganglia in the U.S. Military and Civilian Populations. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.08.008 [11] Epidemiology of Symptomatic Dorsal Wrist Ganglia in Active Duty Military and Civilian Populations. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2020.08.001 [12] Outcomes of Open Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Excision in Active-Duty Military Personnel. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.05.030 [13] Carpal Coalitions on Radiographs: Prevalence and Association With Ordering Indication. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.02.002 [14] Evaluation of Ulnar-sided Wrist Pain. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2017. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00407 [15] Wrist Ganglion Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.014 [16] Wrist Ganglia in Children: Nonsurgical Versus Surgical Treatment. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.10.032 [17] Arthroscopic Ganglionectomy Through an Intrafocal Cystic Portal for Wrist Ganglia. Arthroscopy. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2009.08.021 [18] Arthroscopic resection of occult dorsal wrist ganglia. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-016-2539-0 [20] Arthroscopic Resection of Dorsal Wrist Ganglia and Treatment of Recurrences. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2000. DOI: 10.1054/jhsb.1999.0290 [21] Is there still a place for denervation in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the wrist and hand?. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2021.102986 [22] Midterm results of arthroscopic treatment of scapholunate ligament lesions associated with intra‐articular distal radius fractures. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 1999. DOI: 10.1007/s001670050172 [25] Dynamic wrist imaging using four-dimensional CT: current concepts, clinical applications, and future perspectives. EFORT Open Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.1530/eor-2026-0051 [26] Load_transfer_through_the_radiocarpal_joint_and_the_effects_of_partial_wrist_art_1753193412441761. 1934. [27] 10.1055-s-0036-1588025. n.d.. [28] Carpal Instability. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1995. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199503000-00019 [32] The Utility of High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex of the Wrist. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume). 1997. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199711000-00009 [33] Carpal Ligaments. Hand Clinics. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2017.04.007 [34] Abnormal MRI signal intensity of the triangular fibrocartilage complex in asymptomatic wrists. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2022. DOI: 10.1177/17531934221141986 [35] In Vivo Changes in Contact Regions of the Radiocarpal Joint During Wrist Hyperextension. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.08.030 [36] Automated detection of wrist ganglia in MRI using convolutional neural networks. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09011-1 [37] The Liebenberg syndrome: in depth analysis of the original family. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413502162 [40] Intraosseous Ganglion Cysts of the Carpus: Current Practice. HAND. 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-015-9750-2 [41] Cystic soft tissue tumours of the dorsal aspect of the wrist have two distinct histological subtypes. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)*. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241251721

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