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鹰嘴滑囊切除术(滑囊切除术)

What olecranon bursectomy involves, why it is a last resort, and the honest wound-healing and recurrence picture.

肘部弯曲的示意图,肘尖处可见肿胀且充满液体的滑囊。
鹰嘴滑囊炎:肘尖处肿胀且充满液体的滑囊,可通过滑囊切除术将其切除。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

鹰嘴滑囊是一个位于肘部骨性尖端正上方的小型、光滑的充满液体的囊袋。它的作用是在你弯曲和伸直手臂时,使皮肤能够平滑地滑过骨骼。当它发生炎症时(可能由撞击、长期倚靠肘部、痛风或类风湿性关节炎,或感染引起),它可能会积聚液体并肿胀,在肘尖处形成一个触痛、有时外观令人担忧的肿块。这被称为鹰嘴滑囊炎,且非常常见。

需要提前了解的重要一点是,大多数滑囊炎会自行消退或通过简单措施得到缓解,手术确实是最后的手段。我们仅在问题顽固不愈、尽管采取了其他所有措施仍未解决时,才会讨论切除滑囊。本页将解释该手术的具体内容、您的恢复过程,以及,最重要的是,诚实地说明为何该特定手术在愈合和复发方面比人们预期的问题更多。

为什么要切除滑囊?

在我们的诊所,Kieran Hirpara 医生会引导患者进行细致的评估,以确认诊断并首先探讨非手术选项。我们通常仅在保守治疗未能对长期存在的问题提供足够缓解时,才建议进行手术。

肿胀滑囊的一线治疗几乎总是非手术方式:让肘部休息、避免倚靠肘部、服用抗炎药片,有时用针头抽出液体(抽吸),偶尔随后进行类固醇注射。对已发表证据的综述发现,与非手术管理相比,直接进行手术的问题缓解率较低且并发症更多,这正是我们首先尝试这些非手术途径的原因。

我们仅在以下情况下考虑切除滑囊(“滑囊切除术”):

  • 尽管经过数月合理时间的休息、活动调整、抽吸和/或类固醇注射,滑囊炎仍为慢性或反复发作,且确实给您带来困扰。
  • 存在反复或已确立的感染(化脓性滑囊),且未通过抗生素和引流得到清除。即便如此,外科医生通常仍会先尝试引流和抗生素;研究表明,对于感染,手术并不能可靠地带来更好的长期效果,因此仅保留用于无法缓解的情况,例如存在无法用针头引流的浓稠脓液或指向性脓肿 [1]。
  • 肘尖上的骨刺反复刺激滑囊,在这种情况下,骨刺可能会在同时被修整。

简而言之:该手术仅适用于少数单纯无法控制的滑囊。如果您的肿胀是新发的、无痛的且未感染,手术极不可能成为正确的解决方案。

手术内容

这通常属于日间手术,因此您预计当天即可回家,但偶尔患者需留院过夜。手术采用开放手术方式:在肘尖处做一个小切口,通过该切口仔细切除整个发炎的滑囊,随后缝合皮肤。如果滑囊下方存在骨赘,可在同一手术中将其磨平。

麻醉方式通常为全身麻醉(您处于完全睡眠状态)或区域阻滞(手臂麻木,您保持清醒或轻度镇静),有时两者联合使用。您的麻醉医生将在手术当天与您沟通最适合您的方案。

手术相对较快,但技术难点不在于切除本身,而在于轻柔地处理娇嫩的皮肤并良好地缝合;如下文所述,皮肤是容易出问题的部分。

坦诚的部分:愈合与复发

这一部分值得仔细阅读两遍,因为这是我们对该手术持谨慎态度的主要原因。

肘尖部位的皮肤薄、活动度大,且血供相对较差。此外,该部位在您将手臂搁在桌子、椅子或车门上休息时会持续承受压力。这种组合意味着伤口愈合问题和滑囊复发(recurrence)是最可能出问题的两个方面,其风险高于大多数同等规模的手术。并非手术本身困难,而是肘部是一个对伤口愈合极为苛刻的部位。

现有证据究竟说明了什么?诚实地说,已发表的研究大多为小样本病例系列,因此数据存在差异 [1]。一项针对接受滑囊切除术患者的较大规模综述报告称,约九分之一的患者需要接受进一步(翻修)手术,且患有类风湿关节炎、糖尿病或双侧肘部滑囊炎的患者需要再次手术的风险更高。特别是类风湿关节炎患者,更可能需要皮瓣移植才能使伤口愈合。研究报告了显著的伤口并发症发生率,如愈合延迟、伤口裂开、液体再次积聚(血清肿)以及感染 [2, 3]。关键结论并非一个精确的百分比,而是模式:该手术出现缓慢或棘手伤口的几率高于常规,且肿胀复发的几率真实存在。

我们采取多项措施以提高您的成功率,且您在此过程中的配合与我们医生的努力同等重要:

  • 手术时轻柔操作并仔细缝合,并在(适合该问题的情况下)避免切口位于肘尖正上方。
  • 术后使用紧致的加压敷料以抑制液体积聚,有时还需使用夹板以在皮肤愈合期间保持肘部静止。
  • 最重要的是:不要倚靠肘部。对愈合中肘部的压力是导致伤口裂开和滑囊复发的最大单一驱动因素。数周内避免负重确实会改变您的预后结果。

以上所述并非意在吓退您。其目的是确保如果我们决定手术,您能保持清醒的头脑,并理解康复指导并非可有可无的琐碎要求,而是保护手术效果的关键所在。

您的康复

每个人的愈合速度各不相同,且您的外科医生的具体指示始终优先,但以下是大致的康复过程。

最初的一到两周。 您的肘部会覆盖着厚实的衬垫加压敷料,通常还配有夹板。请保持敷料清洁干燥,在可能的情况下抬高手臂以减轻肿胀,并按医嘱服用简单的止痛药。在最初的几周里,您能做的最有用的事情是保持肘部静止,并避免对肘后部施加任何压力:不要将体重压在上面,也不要倚靠桌子或扶手。通常可以进行轻柔的手指、手腕和肩部活动,这有助于防止僵硬。

拆线与敷料。 加压绷带通常在前几天保持佩戴,许多外科医生会要求您在之后几周内继续在肘部佩戴轻度的加压绷带(如ACE型绷带),以防止积液再次积聚。通常在诊所就诊时,待皮肤有机会愈合后,会在术后约7至10天拆线。我们会在此次就诊时仔细检查伤口,因为肘部的愈合可能较慢。

恢复活动。 一旦伤口稳定且拆线完成,您将逐渐恢复手臂的使用。大多数人可以在大约三到六周内恢复大多数正常活动并完全使用肘部,肿胀完全消退通常发生在六周左右。在皮肤成熟期间,您的外科医生可能会在早期对重物搬运设定临时限制。

驾驶在您能够舒适地活动肘部、已停用强效止痛药,且能安全控制车辆并进行紧急制动时是合理的;对许多人来说,这需要几周时间,但这取决于哪只手臂以及您的愈合情况,因此请先咨询我们。

工作完全取决于您的职业。以办公桌为主的工作通常在一到两周内即可应对(注意不要倚靠肘部)。涉及重物搬运、跪在肘部上或任何对肘部施加压力或拉力的工作通常需要更长时间(数周),有时还需要分阶段返岗。请告诉我们您的工作性质,我们将为您提供个性化的建议。

在整个过程中,请记住反复出现的主题:保护肘尖。所有的康复规则都是为了给那层薄而辛苦工作的皮肤提供最佳机会,使其一次愈合并保持愈合状态。

何时寻求帮助

术后出现轻微肿胀、瘀伤和不适感属于正常现象。但如果您发现伤口愈合不良或出现感染迹象,请立即联系您的主刀医生、全科医生或夜间诊所,例如出现以下情况:

  • 术后最初几天后,伤口周围出现扩散的红斑、温热感增加或疼痛加剧。
  • 伤口裂开、渗出液体或脓液,或有恶臭。
  • 出现发热、全身不适或寒战。
  • 肘部再次明显肿胀:这可能意味着积液重新积聚。

此外,与任何手术一样,血栓是一种罕见但严重的风险。如果您出现疼痛、肿胀、发热的腓肠肌,或(更为紧急地)突发呼吸困难、胸痛或咳血,请直接前往急诊科(或拨打急救电话)。这些可能是腿部或肺部血栓的迹象,需要立即评估。

如果您不确定某种情况是否正常,最好随时咨询。我们更愿意尽早查看伤口并让您放心,也不愿让小问题演变成大问题,尤其是在肘部,对愈合不良的伤口进行早期处理确实能产生显著影响。

参考文献

[1] Del Buono A, Franceschi F, Palumbo A, Denaro V, Maffulli N. 鹰嘴滑囊炎的诊断与治疗。Surgeon. 2012;10(5):297-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002

[2] Germawi L, Westenberg RF, Wang F, Schep NW, Chen NC, Eberlin KR. 滑囊切除术后鹰嘴滑囊炎翻修手术的相关因素。J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(5):1135-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033

[3] 鹰嘴滑囊切除术后并发症。Acta Orthop Belg. 2006.

关于该疾病的更多阅读

本页介绍手术本身。该手术所治疗的疾病,包括证据显示手术在何时有效、何时无效,在鹰嘴滑囊炎页面上有更详细的介绍。


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