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术后肿胀和抬高

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为什么您的手或手臂在手术后会出现肿胀,肿胀会持续多久,以及通过抬高至心脏水平以上、轻柔的手指活动和冷敷等简单方法如何最快缓解肿胀。包括需要紧急评估的警示征象。

手部及前臂在家中用枕头垫高休息。
将手和手臂抬高至心脏水平以上是术后控制肿胀最有效的方法。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

在手或手臂的任何手术后,肢体都会出现肿胀。这是正常现象,几乎每个人都会经历,它并不是任何出错的迹象。但肿胀也是导致早期不适和僵硬的主要原因,因此,一些基本的了解和几个简单的习惯,将有助于更顺利的康复。

为什么您的手或手臂会肿胀

正在发生两件事,且两者均属正常现象。

第一是愈合过程本身。手术是一种可控的损伤,您的身体会对任何损伤做出反应,通过增加该区域的血液流动和液体来启动修复。这就是炎症反应,随之而来的肿胀、发热和紧绷感仅仅是愈合过程开始的可见表现。

第二是重力。您的手和手臂位于长肢体的末端,液体自然会向下流动。当手臂垂在身体一侧或 resting 在腿上时,液体会在手和手指中积聚,难以回流。这就是为什么如果手臂整天垂下,早上感觉良好的手到晚上可能会像气球一样肿胀。

什么是正常现象,以及持续时间

一定程度的肿胀是每次康复过程的一部分。肿胀通常在最初几天逐渐加重,在第2至5天左右达到高峰,随后随着愈合液被重新吸收以及肢体开始活动,在接下来的几周内缓慢消退。

以下是一些值得了解的要点:

  • 由于重力作用,手部在一天结束时看起来和感觉到的肿胀程度通常比清晨刚起床时更严重,而在手臂保持水平位置的夜间休息期间会有所缓解。
  • 持续的轻微肿胀和僵硬可能会持续数月,即使早期的明显肿胀早已消退。手指略微肿胀、僵硬,或手背感觉增厚,在相当长一段时间内很常见,这并非病情反复。通过活动和手部治疗,这种情况会稳步改善。
  • 影响肿胀消退速度最大的因素,是在最初几天内是否良好地保持肢体抬高并进行轻柔活动。

抬高——你能做的最重要的事情

如果你只记住本页的一点内容,请记住:保持患肢抬高至心脏水平以上。 抬高是控制肿胀最有效的方法,且无需任何费用。

目的是让重力为你所用,而不是与你作对,从而使液体回流至身体,而不是积聚在手部。

  • 坐着或躺着时,用枕头将整个手臂垫高,使手部高于肘部,肘部高于心脏。 不要只垫高肘部而让手部下垂;你最需要抬高的是手和手指。
  • 在前几天,尤其是前两三天,尽可能长时间地保持抬高。之后,白天每隔几小时抬高约二十分钟,有助于促进液体流动。
  • 一个实用的原则:一旦手部下垂不再引起搏动性疼痛,你就可以减少持续抬高的频率。
  • 夜间,在就寝前摆好枕头,使手臂在睡眠期间保持支撑和抬高状态;手部平放一整夜时间过长。

保持手指活动——肌肉泵

轻柔的活动与抬高患肢相辅相成。每次活动手指时,肌肉会挤压静脉和淋巴管,将液体泵回手臂,就像挤压海绵一样。

  • 除非我们特别要求您保持某根手指静止,否则请在清醒时每小时多次缓慢、反复地轻轻握拳,然后完全伸直手指。
  • 为了获得最佳效果,请在抬高患肢的情况下进行,使肌肉泵作用与重力协同工作。
  • 保持活动自如的关节也进行活动。如果您的手腕被包扎,请通过轻柔的画圈和弯曲动作活动肩部和肘部,以防止手部愈合期间这些关节僵硬。
  • 在舒适范围内活动。轻柔的拉伸是可以的;如果出现锐痛,请减轻力度,并始终遵循您的外科医生或手治疗师给出的特定锻炼指导。

冷敷与轻度加压

在早期,冷敷可以减轻肿胀和疼痛。用薄毛巾包裹冷敷包,切勿将冰块直接接触皮肤,也不要将其敷在感觉麻木或感觉减退的区域。保持敷料和石膏干燥。有关更详细的说明(包括何时使用冷敷以及何时在后期改用温和热敷),请参阅我们的热敷与冷敷对比页面。

佩戴贴合的加压袖套或绷带也有帮助,但仅在我们明确建议的情况下使用加压。错误的包扎方式或包扎过紧,可能会因挤压已经肿胀的肢体而弊大于利。

使用吊带,避免手臂下垂

当您起身活动时,手臂会自然下垂,手部再次积聚液体。在您活动时,使用吊带将手臂支撑并抬高至胸前,这样您在休息时抬高手臂所取得的成效就不会白费。在您活动时请使用吊带提供支撑,但请取出手臂进行轻柔的手指和肘部活动,不要让手臂长时间下垂。

何时寻求帮助——切勿等待

大多数肿胀只是愈合过程的一部分,通过抬高患肢和活动即可缓解。但肿胀偶尔可能提示存在问题,某些警示信号需要及时处理。请相信您的直觉:进行检查并确认无碍总是更好的选择。

过紧的石膏、夹板或敷料是绝不能等待的情况。随着肢体肿胀,敷料可能会压迫神经和血液供应。如果您注意到以下情况,请当天联系我们,或前往最近的急诊科

  • 疼痛加剧、剧烈或超出预期:尤其是常规止痛措施无法缓解的疼痛。
  • 石膏、夹板或绷带感觉越来越紧,而不是随着时间推移变得宽松。
  • 手指麻木、刺痛或烧灼感
  • 手指变苍白、发白、发蓝、发暗或变冷,或抬高后无法缓解。

这些症状同时出现(特别是剧烈疼痛伴手指麻木或颜色改变)应视为紧急情况。

感染迹象也需要当天就诊评估:

  • 肿胀发热、发红且扩散,而非逐渐减轻。
  • 发烧,或感觉全身不适。
  • 伤口或敷料处有脓液、分泌物或异味

疑似血栓的迹象属于紧急情况:如果出现以下情况,请拨打急救电话或直接前往急诊:

  • 单侧小腿或腿部突然肿胀、疼痛或紧绷感
  • 呼吸困难或胸痛,尤其是伴有上述症状时。

对于普通肿胀,即在抬高患肢后减轻并逐日改善的情况,请继续保持抬高患肢、活动手指,并在下次门诊就诊时提出任何疑问。如有疑虑,请拨打诊所电话;我们非常欢迎您与我们联系。


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