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术后肿胀与抬高

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手术后手部或手臂肿胀的原因、持续时间,以及能最快缓解肿胀的简单措施——包括将患肢抬高至心脏水平以上、轻柔活动手指和使用冷敷——以及需要紧急复查的警示信号。

在家将手和前臂抬高,垫在一摞枕头上休息。
将手和手臂抬高至心脏水平以上,是术后控制肿胀最有效的方法。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

手部或手臂手术后,肢体都会出现肿胀。这是正常现象,几乎每个人都会经历,并不代表出现了问题。但肿胀也是导致术后早期不适和僵硬的主要原因,因此,了解相关知识并养成一些简单的习惯,将有助于更顺利地进行康复。

为什么您的手或手臂会肿胀

有两件事正在发生,且两者均属预期之内。

第一是愈合本身。手术是一种可控的损伤,您的身体会以应对任何损伤的方式作出反应,即向该区域输送额外的血流和液体以开始修复。这就是炎症反应,随之而来的肿胀、温热感和紧绷感,仅仅是愈合过程启动的可见表现。

第二是重力。您的手和手臂位于长肢体的末端,液体会自然向下引流。当手臂垂于身侧或搁在腿上时,液体会在手部和手指处积聚,并难以回流。这就是为什么早上感觉正常的手,如果整天下垂,到了晚上看起来可能像气球一样肿。

什么是正常现象,以及持续多久

一定程度的肿胀是每次康复过程的一部分。通常,肿胀会在最初几天内逐渐加重,在第二天到第五天左右达到高峰,随后在接下来的几周内随着愈合液体的重吸收和肢体开始活动而缓慢消退。

以下几点值得了解:

  • 手部在一天结束时看起来和感觉比早上刚醒来时更差是正常的(重力作用所致),当手臂保持水平过夜时,肿胀会缓解。
  • 持续的浮肿和僵硬可能会持续数月,远早于早期剧烈肿胀消退之后。手指略显肿胀、僵硬,或手背有增厚感,在相当长的一段时间内都很常见,这并非病情倒退。通过活动和手部治疗,这些症状会稳步改善。
  • 影响肿胀消退速度的最大单一因素是您在最初几天内是否很好地保持肢体抬高并进行轻柔活动。

抬高——你能做的最重要的事

如果只记住本页的一件事,请记住这一点:将肢体保持在高于心脏水平的位置。 抬高是控制肿胀最有效的方法,且无需任何费用。

其目的是让重力为你服务而非与你为敌,使液体回流至身体,而不是在手部积聚。

  • 坐着或躺下时,用枕头将整个手臂垫起,使手部高于肘部,肘部高于心脏。不要仅支撑肘部而让手部下垂;你最需要抬高的是手部和手指。
  • 在最初几天,尤其是前两三天,尽量保持抬高。此后,白天每隔几小时抬高约二十分钟,有助于促进液体流动。
  • 一个实用的标准:当手部下垂不再引起搏动性疼痛时,即可减少持续抬高的时间。
  • 夜间,在躺下前调整好枕头,确保手臂在睡眠期间得到支撑并保持抬高;整夜平放对手部而言时间过长。

保持手指活动——肌肉泵作用

轻柔的活动是抬高患肢的搭档。每次您活动手指时,肌肉都会挤压静脉和淋巴管,将液体泵回手臂,就像挤压海绵一样。

  • 除非我们特别要求您保持某根手指静止,否则请轻柔地握拳,然后完全伸直手指,缓慢且反复地进行,清醒时每小时数次。
  • 为了达到最佳效果,请在抬高患肢的情况下进行,使泵血作用与重力协同工作。
  • 保持未固定的关节也能活动。如果您的手腕缠有绷带,请通过轻柔的画圈和屈伸动作保持肩部和肘部的活动,以免在手部愈合期间关节僵硬。
  • 在舒适范围内活动。轻柔的拉伸是可以的;如果出现锐痛,请减轻力度,并始终遵循您的外科医生或手部治疗师为您提供的任何特定练习指导。

冷敷包与轻度加压

冷敷包在早期可有助于减轻肿胀和疼痛。请将其用薄毛巾包裹,切勿将冰块直接置于皮肤上,也不要将其放置在麻木或感觉减退的区域。保持敷料和石膏干燥。有关更多细节(包括何时冷敷有益以及后期何时温和热敷更佳),请参阅我们的热敷与冰敷页面。

紧身的加压袖套或绷带也有助于缓解,但仅在我们特别建议时才使用加压。 错误的包扎方式或包扎过紧,可能会因挤压已经肿胀的肢体而造成比益处更大的伤害。

使用悬吊带,避免手臂自然下垂

当您起身行走时,手臂会自然垂于体侧,手部会再次积聚液体。悬吊带在您活动过程中支撑并抬高手臂,使其横置于胸前,从而避免您在休息时将手臂抬高所获得的消肿效果丧失。起身活动时请使用悬吊带提供支撑,但需将手臂取出以进行轻柔的手指和肘部活动,且不要长时间让手臂悬垂。

何时寻求帮助——切勿拖延

大多数肿胀只是愈合过程的一部分,通过抬高患肢和活动即可缓解。但肿胀偶尔可能提示存在问题,某些警示信号需要及时处理。请相信您的直觉:让医生检查后确认无碍,总比忽视要好。

过紧的石膏、夹板或敷料是唯一不能等待的情况。随着肢体内部肿胀,敷料可能开始压迫神经和血液供应。如果您注意到以下情况,请在当天联系我们,或前往最近的急诊科:

  • 疼痛加剧、剧烈或超出预期:尤其是常规止痛药无法缓解的疼痛。
  • 石膏、夹板或绷带感觉越来越紧,而不是随着时间推移变得宽松。
  • 手指出现麻木、针刺感或烧灼感。
  • 手指变白、发白、发蓝、发暗或发冷,或者抬高患肢后无法缓解。

上述症状同时出现(尤其是剧烈疼痛伴手指麻木或颜色改变)应视为紧急情况。

感染迹象也需要当天就诊:

  • 肿胀部位发热、发红且范围扩大,而非逐渐缓解。
  • 出现发热,或整体感觉不适。
  • 伤口或敷料处有脓液、分泌物或异味。

可能的血凝块迹象属于急症:如果您发现以下情况,请立即呼叫救护车或径直前往急诊:

  • 单侧小腿或腿部突然肿胀、疼痛或紧绷。
  • 呼吸困难或胸痛,尤其是伴有上述症状时。

对于普通的肿胀,如果抬高患肢后能缓解且逐日改善,请继续保持,坚持活动手指,并在下次门诊时提出任何疑问。如有疑虑,请致电诊所;我们更希望您主动联系我们。


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