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肩关节弹响、爆裂音及不稳

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Why a shoulder clicks, pops or feels like it slips — from harmless noises to labral tears and instability — what it means, and when it needs attention.

Updated Aug 2026
一个人双臂交叉，双手各抱一侧肩膀。
肩关节出现弹响、咔哒声或感觉肩关节半脱位，可能提示存在需要评估的不稳定性。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

您可能会注意到肩部出现咔哒声、弹响或研磨感。这通常发生在关节感觉松弛或不稳定时。疼痛通常位于肩部深处，并可能向手臂放射。在提举重物或举手过头后，症状往往会加剧。在患侧侧卧睡觉时，您也可能感到不适，导致夜间难以休息。

日常活动可能变得具有挑战性。简单的动作，如伸手到背后扣文胸或塞衬衫下摆，可能会引起剧烈疼痛或肩部滑脱的感觉。从高处货架取物可能引发不稳定性。由于担心肩部脱位，您可能会避免完全使用手臂。这种犹豫可能会让您在日常活动中感到无力或不协调。

对某些人来说，症状会在特定的运动或体力活动中加重。如果您存在多向性不稳定，您的肩部可能会在多个方向上感觉松弛。在严重情况下，关节可能会部分或完全脱位。这是一种需要立即处理的医疗紧急情况。如果您经历突然的剧烈疼痛且无法活动肩部，请立即就医。

您的外科医生将依靠详细的体格检查来了解您的具体症状。MRI等影像学检查可能会显示结构性问题，但您的身体感受是治疗最重要的指导。无论是前向还是后向不稳定，目标都是减轻这些不适感并恢复稳定性。了解触发您症状的因素有助于您的外科医生制定符合您需求的个性化方案。

实际发生了什么

您的肩关节是一个球窝关节。球部是您的上臂骨（肱骨）的顶端。窝部是肩胛骨上的一个浅杯状结构。一圈称为盂唇的软骨衬在这个窝部。可以将盂唇想象成垫片或减震器。它加深了窝部，使球部保持在原位。它还形成紧密的密封，将关节固定在一起。

当您出现咔哒声、弹响或不稳时，说明该系统中的某些部件配合不当。在某些情况下，您的肩胛骨形状不同。这会导致关节稳定性降低。盂唇本身可能撕裂或松弛。如果盂唇受损，它就无法牢固地固定球部。这会导致球部滑脱或错位。您可能会感觉到突然的移位或研磨感。

有时，问题涉及韧带。韧带是像绳索一样将关节固定在一起的强韧组织带。如果韧带从骨骼上撕裂，肩关节就会变得松弛。这可能发生在脱位之后。如果软骨随时间磨损，也可能发生这种情况。当骨骼表面的光滑涂层消失时，表面会相互摩擦。这会导致疼痛以及您听到的咔哒声。

在严重情况下，骨骼本身可能会改变形状。肩关节的球部因撞击窝部而可能形成凹陷。这使得球部更难回到原位。您的外科医生会观察这些结构变化，以了解您的肩关节为何感觉不稳定。他们会检查盂唇、韧带或骨骼是否是主要原因。了解这一点有助于他们选择正确的治疗方法，以恢复稳定性并消除弹响。

我们能采取的措施

在我们的诊所，Kieran Hirpara 医生会引导患者经历这一过程，首先进行全面评估以确认您症状的病因。对于长期存在的问题，我们通常首先推荐非手术治疗，仅在保守治疗未能提供足够缓解的情况下才考虑手术。

大多数初次肩关节不稳事件均通过非手术方式管理。您的外科医生可能会推荐非手术治疗，特别是如果您是在赛季中的运动员。这种方法可以让您的肩关节有机会自行愈合和稳定。

物理治疗是这一治疗的核心。其目的是改善您肩关节的活动范围和功能性力量。对于部分患者，在常规康复中加入肌内效贴布比单纯物理治疗能带来更显著的改善。您应该充分尝试这种保守治疗。它能让您的肌肉学会在日常活动和运动中保护关节。

如果疼痛持续存在，您的外科医生可能会讨论药物治疗。这通常涉及使用止痛药和抗炎药来减轻肿胀和不适。在某些情况下，可能会提供注射治疗，如皮质类固醇、透明质酸或富血小板血浆（PRP）。这些注射有助于减轻炎症并提供临时缓解。这种缓解的持续时间因人而异，但通常是短期的。它有助于您更舒适地参与物理治疗。

当保守治疗达到极限时，会考虑手术。这通常意味着尽管经过彻底的康复训练，您仍出现复发性脱位或持续性不稳。您的外科医生会评估您的具体解剖结构，包括骨缺损的程度以及任何病变的位置。如果需要手术，目标是修复受损结构并恢复稳定性。具体手术方式取决于不稳是前向还是后向，以及是否存在显著的骨缺损。

对于伴有严重骨缺损或终末期关节损伤的复杂病例，可能会讨论更先进的手术选择。这些可能包括骨块手术，或在罕见的终末期病例中进行关节融合术或关节置换术。然而，大多数患者通过非手术治疗或标准稳定手术获得成功。您的外科医生将根据您的临床检查和影像学结果，指导您做出决策。

预期情况

您的预后主要取决于肩关节不稳是单次事件还是反复发作的模式。如果您是首次出现后方不稳，尤其是在运动赛季期间发生，您的外科医生可能会首先建议非手术治疗。这种方法能让您的肩关节在不立即手术的情况下获得最佳恢复机会。许多人发现，通过休息和针对性治疗，症状可以得到改善，从而安全地恢复日常活动。

如果您的不稳是复发性的或严重的，则可能需要手术来恢复稳定性。对于许多患者而言，关节镜手术和开放手术在减少脱位和改善功能方面的长期结果相似。然而，预后因损伤的具体性质而异。例如，如果您存在明显的骨缺损或某些类型的盂唇撕裂，肩关节再次脱位的风险会更高。在这些复杂病例中，单纯修复可能无法提供持久的稳定性，且患者报告的结果可能会随时间推移而下降。您的外科医生会仔细评估您的年龄、组织损伤类型以及损伤位置，以预测您个人复发的风险。

康复是一个需要耐心的渐进过程。尽管许多患者在修复术后获得了良好的临床结果，但对于某些手术，完全恢复运动参与的时间表仍存在不确定性。您可能会在几个月内注意到力量和信心的稳步提升。在涉及复杂情况（如埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征或终末期关节磨损）的病例中，可能会讨论关节融合术或关节置换术等更广泛的手术作为消除疼痛和防止进一步脱位的可行方案。全面的体格检查是确定适合您的治疗路径的最关键步骤，因为仅凭影像学结果并不总能反映全部情况。通过了解您的具体风险并与您的医疗团队密切合作，您可以为拥有一个稳定且功能良好的肩关节设定现实的期望。

何时就诊

如果出现持续疼痛且休息后无改善，或感觉肩部无力、不稳定，请寻求专科医生评估。若关节在日常活动中出现卡顿或脱位，请就诊全科医生。若症状影响睡眠或工作，请及时就医。不稳定性突然加重需立即处理。全面的临床检查是判断是否需要手术的最重要因素。早期识别问题（如复发性脱位）对于获得满意的功能预后至关重要。若症状持续存在，请勿等待其自行缓解。

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 7 August 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Coracoid morphology differs significantly in patients undergoing posterior shoulder stabilization compared to patients undergoing surgery for anterior instability or a comparison cohort [1].
  • NHL team physicians strongly favor nonoperative management in-season for initial posterior instability events of the shoulder [2].
  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches, whereas historical differences were driven primarily by earlier studies [3].
  • Rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability were high following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss [4].
  • High rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss were associated with inferior PROs at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • There is no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].
  • A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery [5].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability, including those with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis are viable options in treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability [7].
  • Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes [9].
  • The likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations [9].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in the stabilization of recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure offers the advantage of local harvesting of a bone block and a potential sling effect [10].
  • Spin is highly prevalent in abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating free bone block procedures for glenohumeral instability [11].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in clinically stable shoulders [17].
  • The labrum contributes significantly to joint depth and creates a more congruent joint by minimizing differences between humerus and glenoid radius of curvature (ROC) [21].
  • Healthy young adults exhibit deeper, thicker, and taller glenoid labrum morphology at the 12 o'clock position [21].
  • Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions are uncommon and prone to misdiagnosis [12].
  • Traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation can occur in association with a posterior acromion fracture [8].
  • Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) can be present in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations [9].
  • Acute anterior shoulder dislocation carries a risk of subsequent rotator cuff tear (RCT), for which risk prediction models exist [22].

Classification

  • Recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss was associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • There is no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal versus pathological radiologist-reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrates low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in high-risk patients with multidirectional shoulder instability, including those with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
  • Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making for first-time anterior shoulder dislocation compared to older counterparts [13].
  • The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score showed good predictive performance for recurrence after arthroscopic Bankart repair [14].

Clinical Presentation

  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches, whereas historical differences were driven by earlier studies [3].
  • A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining the indication for shoulder instability surgery [5].
  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis are viable options for treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability [7].
  • The likelihood of returning to sports after arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations remains uncertain [9].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure allows for local harvesting of a bone block and offers a potential sling effect [10].
  • Early recognition and tailored treatment strategies are essential for satisfactory functional outcomes in bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions [12].
  • Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making for managing a first-time anterior shoulder dislocation compared to older counterparts [13].
  • Similar return-to-play rates are seen with open versus arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in contact and collision athletes [15].
  • Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].

Investigations

  • A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery, with no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist-reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].

Treatment

  • Kinesio taping combined with conventional rehabilitation leads to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone in military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury [18].
  • Arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR) for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with high rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability and inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score show good predictive performance for recurrence after ABR in patients with <20% glenoid bone loss [14].
  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches for anterior shoulder instability, whereas historical differences were driven by earlier studies [3].
  • Return-to-play rates are similar between open and arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in contact and collision athletes [15].
  • Arthroscopic distal tibial allograft reconstruction with suture button fixation and capsulolabral repair for traumatic anterior shoulder instability yields high rates of graft union and improves clinical outcomes at 2 years [19].
  • Arthroscopic bone block using an autologous iliac crest graft with concomitant remplissage results in a favorable outcome for a young patient with extensive sporting activity and severe bipolar bone loss [20].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery, offering the advantages of local bone block harvesting and a potential sling effect [10].
  • Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [9].

Complications

  • High rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss were associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation for multidirectional shoulder instability demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].

Recovery

  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches [3].
  • Isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with high rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability [4].
  • Isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrates low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
  • The likelihood of returning to sports following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament remains uncertain [9].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results for stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure allows for local harvesting of a bone block [10].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure offers a potential sling effect [10].
  • The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score show good predictive performance for recurrence after arthroscopic Bankart repair [14].
  • Age is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
  • Labral lesion type is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
  • Lesion location is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
  • Delayed inferior shoulder subluxation can occur secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [24].
  • Functional status in cases of delayed inferior shoulder subluxation secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis reflects the expected timeline of neurological reinnervation following C5-C6 plexitis [24].

Key Evidence

  • [L3] Coracoid morphology differs significantly in patients undergoing posterior shoulder stabilization when compared to patients undergoing surgery for anterior instability or a comparison cohort. [1] (10.1177/03635465261421534)
  • [L4] NHL team physicians strongly favor nonoperative management in-season for initial posterior instability events of the shoulder. [2] (10.1177/23259671261440208)
  • [L4] Publication period subgroup analysis suggests that historical instability differences were driven primarily by earlier studies, whereas contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between approaches. [3] (10.1177/03635465261443999)
  • [L3] Rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability were high following isolated ABR for on-track HSLs with <20% glenoid bone loss and were associated with inferior PROs at mean 10-year follow-up. [4] (10.1177/23259671261430742)
  • [L3] A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery. [5] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100675)
  • [L4] The study demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in this high-risk population. [6] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.024)
  • [L2] TSA and GHA are viable options in treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability. [7] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101429)
  • [L4] Two cases document an unusual injury pattern in which a posterior glenohumeral dislocation occurred in association with a (posterior) acromion fracture. [8] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.09.006)
  • [L4] While arthroscopic repair of this combination typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain. [9] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.020)
  • [L4] The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in the stabilization of recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery, with the advantage of local harvesting of a bone block and a potential sling effect. [10] (10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101681)
  • [L4] Spin is highly prevalent in abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating FBB for glenohumeral instability. [11] (10.1177/03635465251338079)
  • [L4] Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions are uncommon and prone to misdiagnosis; early recognition and tailored treatment strategies are essential for satisfactory functional outcomes. [12] (10.1186/s12891-026-09537-y)
  • [L5] Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making compared to their older counterparts. [13] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.018)
  • [L3] The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score showed good predictive performance for recurrence after ABR. [14] (10.1002/arj.70009)
  • [L2] However, similar return‐to‐play rates are seen with either approach. [15] (10.1002/ksa.70263)
  • [L4] Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.034)
  • [L4] This study demonstrates that labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in clinically stable shoulders. [17] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101422)
  • [L4] The combined intervention of kinesio taping and conventional rehabilitation led to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone. [18] (10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6)
  • [L4] Arthroscopic DTA bone block glenoid reconstruction using 2 pairs of suture buttons to treat recurrent traumatic anterior instability with significant bone loss yields improved clinical and acceptable radiological outcomes. [19] (10.1002/arj.70008)
  • [Case_report] This case report demonstrates the efficacy of an arthroscopic Bankart with an arthroscopic bone augmentation of the anterior glenoid wall, in conjunction with an additional remplissage procedure, resulting in a favorable outcome for a young patient with extensive sporting activity. [20] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100606)
  • [L4] The labrum contributed significantly to the depth and created a more congruent joint by minimizing differences between humerus and glenoid ROC. [21] (10.1002/arj.70221)
  • [L3] The findings may assist orthopedic surgeons in identifying patients at high risk for RCT after shoulder dislocation. [22] (10.1186/s12891-026-09550-1)
  • [L4] The case suggests that delayed inferior shoulder subluxation can occur secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, with functional status reflecting the expected timeline of neurological reinnervation following C5-C6 plexitis. [24] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100754)

References

[1] Coracoid Morphology and the Risk of Posterior Shoulder Instability: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261421534

[2] Treatment of Posterior Shoulder Instability in National Hockey League Players: A Survey of NHL Team Physicians. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261440208

[3] Arthroscopic vs Open Bankart Repair for Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261443999

[4] Long-Term Outcomes following Instability After Isolated Arthroscopic Bankart Repair for On-Track Hill-Sachs Lesions With <20% Glenoid Bone Loss. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261430742

[5] No difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100675

[6] Open Capsular Shift with Achilles Allograft Augmentation for Multidirectional Shoulder Instability: Long-Term Outcomes and Implications for Patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.024

[7] A comparison of reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis for end-stage shoulder instability. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101429

[8] Traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation with associated acromion fracture: a report of 2 cases. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.09.006

[9] Clinical outcomes following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.020

[10] Modified Kouvalchouk technique for recurrent posterior instability of the shoulder. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101681

[11] Appraisal of the Presence of Spin in Abstracts of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Regarding Free Bone Block Procedures for Glenohumeral Instability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251338079

[12] Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions: a report of two cases and a literature review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09537-y

[13] Management of a first time anterior shoulder dislocation: the decision-making process of a surgeon. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.018

[14] Combining Instability Severity Index Score and Hill‐Sachs Interval‐to‐Glenoid Track Ratio Predicts Recurrent Instability After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair in Patients With <20% Glenoid Bone Loss. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70009

[15] Return to play and recurrent instability rates in open versus arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilisation in the contact and collision athlete: A systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.70263

[16] Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability: a minimum 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.034

[17] Labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in stable shoulders. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101422

[18] A retrospective analysis of the promoting effect of kinesio taping on the rehabilitation of military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6

[19] Arthroscopic Distal Tibial Allograft Reconstruction With Suture Button Fixation and Capsulolabral Repair for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability Yields High Rates of Graft Union and Improves Clinical Outcomes at 2 Years. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70008

[20] Arthroscopic bone block using an autologous iliac crest graft and concomitant remplissage for severe bipolar bone loss in a young patient with anterior shoulder instability: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100606

[21] In Vivo 3‐Dimensional Glenohumeral Joint Geometry Based Upon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Analysis Shows Deeper, Thicker, and Taller Glenoid Labrum Morphology at 12 O’Clock Position in Healthy Young Adults. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70221

[22] Development and validation of a risk prediction model for rotator cuff tears following acute anterior shoulder dislocation. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09550-1

[24] Recurrent inferior shoulder subluxation secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100754

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